28 August 2024

Performance Diary, Part 2

by Kirk Woodward 

[In my introduction to the first part of Kirk Woodward’s “Performance Diary,” posted on Rick On Theater on 25 August, I wrote:

Life in the theater is complex.  It covers a gallimaufry of fields, disciplines, and specialties.  It’s also labor-intensive, taking more time in one’s day, week, and month than most other endeavors in which people engage.  Many people, both theater folk and “civilians” (as one of my teachers referred to non-theater people—muggles, if you will), see a life devoted to the stage as more a calling than an occupation.  It’s what we do for love—to paraphrase the lines from the impassioned song in which Diana leads the dancers in A Chorus Line.

As Kirk writes in his “Performance Diary”:

I hope this account indicates some of the many practical issues one encounters when putting on a performance, no matter which kind of performance it is.  Few things are “easy” in performing, no matter how small the show or how expert the team.

I told Kirk, after I read both parts of his diary, that it made me reminisce some, so it obviously rings true.  I assured him that it's exactly what I want for ROT, along with the performance reports.  He chronicled the day-to-day activities of a theater pro—in Kirk’s case, a director, actor, teacher, and a little bit of a writer—when he’s involved in actual theater work.

[The second half of this diary, posted below, focuses on the production of two new one-act plays in which Kirk had two roles.  Kirk’s aim is to point out more of the interesting challenges he encounters while working in theater. 

[I don’t think that reading these diary excerpts in any particular order will make a difference with respect to comprehension; nevertheless, I suggest going back to Part 1 either before or after reading Part 2, is well worth your while.  (Readers may find that there are things mentioned in the second installment and explained or identified in the first part, but which aren’t elucidated in the second part.)]

During the period between the middle of April and the middle of June 2024, I was involved in a number of performance activities, all but one of which I described in Part 1 of this series. In this article I describe, from an actor’s point of view, my experiences doing two one-act plays in a local theater.

APRIL 10 – I was asked to do a role in a long one-act play in June, playing a guidance counselor, and I've printed out my script to start learning the lines.

APRIL 28 – I’ve been cast in a second one-act play for June, also without auditioning, and not particularly gloriously – it’s wonderful to have someone cast you because they think you can do the role, but I meant to go to the auditions last Saturday and completely missed them, which is embarrassing. Oh well, now I have two roles in the production, which will be staged at the Union Congregational Church (UCC) in Montclair, New Jersey, by the UCC Players.

The two plays are:

Rosaline Wrecked It All (Stephen Kaplan) – Rosaline from Romeo and Juliet, who didn’t go to the party with Romeo, deals with everyone’s blame for the subsequent suicide of the ill-fated lovers. The play is a dramedy set in a high school and many of the characters are students in the school.

You’re Bound to Come Up With a Good Idea, written by Peter Felicia (b. 1946), longtime theater reviewer for the Newark Star-Ledger, is funny. In the play, a writing student tries to convince her instructor that she can plot a good novel. A two-character play; I play the instructor.

APRIL 30 - Meanwhile I’m realizing that my task for the next few weeks is basically memorizing, getting the lines for the one-act plays in my head – and I don’t have that many of them.

I know, I know, people always ask actors, “How do you remember all those lines?” Well, to be honest, it’s a good question, and the answer is something of a mystery, and I have never understood how actors manage to memorize their lines. I know ways and techniques; I just can’t visualize how it works inside the brain.

So far I’m just reading the scripts, trying to get the sense of the lines (that’s definitely task #1) and trying to start making connections between what the other actor says and what that leads me to say.

MAY 8 – First cast readthrough for Rosaline. I like the play.

First readings are nearly always ghastly experiences, with actors trying to impress the other actors and no one knowing much about what the play is about. Adding to today’s difficulties, the rehearsal was a Zoom hybrid, with the high school students in a classroom and the adults at home. But the cast can relate to the play, especially the teenagers in it, and by the time we were halfway through the play the reading was going smoothly.

The next step is learning lines, some of these young actors have long speeches and scenes to get into their minds. I’m having enough trouble with memorizing my one short scene.

MAY 9 – First rehearsal for Good Idea. Janet Aldrich, the director, is a formidable actor in her own right. She told my partner and me that she had no preconceived ideas about how to stage the play, but right away she started making suggestions about physical moves that would emphasize what the players are saying. In many cases the suggestions amount to her saying, “Visualize what you’re talking about, look at the visualization, and physicalize it,” an approach that my wife used to call “theater for the deaf,” but for this particular script her ideas were usually good ones.

MAY 19 – I’ve continued reading my lines daily – not really working on memorizing them yet, just reading them. But this afternoon was our second rehearsal for Rosaline, the first with both adults and students in the room in person. Several actors were missing but the director had us do the scenes we had people for, plus some large-group work. Janet Aldrich, the director of this play, doesn’t seem to be over-prepared, but she has self-confidence and a good eye, and her blocking seemed fine.

Early rehearsals can be agony, since everyone is deep in their scripts. I don’t usually like it when a director gives acting notes while still in the blocking phase, but we don’t have a great deal of time. I tried to stay calm, breathe, listen, and not get irritated when the director tells me to do something – a bad habit I have, and a crazy one. I try to remind myself that directors are only trying to help you.

MAY 23 – Theater can be so simple, can’t it? Actors act, directors advise. Sometimes it’s like that.

Rehearsal for Good Idea tonight. Janet told stories about the great director George Abbott – she worked with him on a show when he was just turning 100! Like Abbott, I think, she doesn’t do a lot of pre-planning but watches the actors closely and responds to what she sees. She had an angle for my character tonight that we hadn’t discussed at all last week; the new approach strikes me as excellent, and I’m almost “off book” with my lines memorized, so at the next rehearsal we should have some fun.

MAY 26 – A rehearsal for Rosaline with most of the cast present. For a one-act play it’s long, which gives the director a lot of challenges, but I’m not the director! More power to her!

MAY 27 – Still working on memorizing my lines for the one-acts. The process feels like building connections (bridges? synapses?) among the words in the lines, so eventually they are structured in the brain the way they need to be. I wonder if others feel the same way about how memorization happens.

MAY 30 – Rehearsal for Good Idea tonight, and an interesting situation for an actor: at our last rehearsal the director had given me an approach for the character to take. Tonight, before we’d read a line, she gave me a different assignment for how to perform the character. (I think she had been talking with the playwright, whom she knows, and he might have given her the idea.)

I was taken aback, but what can one do in a situation like that? There’s only one right answer as far as I know, and that’s to try it, so I did, and by the end of the rehearsal I felt things were going well, not exactly with either of her suggestions, but with a mix.

Also, my scene partner and I are both almost “off book,” not needing the script anymore.

JUNE 2 – How do directors do it? We rehearsed Rosaline today and, with three weeks to go before we open, the director listened patiently while actors read scenes in low voices, as though they were talking to themselves; I was the only person who did a scene without a script, and I’m barely in more than one scene. It will come together, but what a journey! A worthwhile destination, but full of perils.

I had a real Actor’s Ego (or My Ego) moment today. I spent a great deal of time thinking about how the cast would feel if I knew my lines, or if I didn’t and blew them. How wrong is that! My job is to focus on what’s happening in the scene. I had to continually remind myself of that. Shame! (I wasn’t perfect with the lines, but I was all right.)

JUNE 6 – Both one-acts cancelled a rehearsal this week. More time to learn lines, which are still being stubborn in the details.

JUNE 11 – Rehearsal tonight for Good Idea. Janet, the director, is an extraverted and talented performer – think Ethel Merman (1908-1984) – so her suggestions to us sound like she’s giving line readings – “do it like this.” However, she’s not – she doesn’t ask for imitation, she’s just giving ideas.

Good Idea has nine very small scenes, and she asked us to paraphrase each one before we did it with the written lines, just for this rehearsal. I was leery, partly because I was afraid I’d start using paraphrase in the performance. However, it loosened our acting up a lot, and we had fun. Paraphrase is a technique I’ve used when directing Shakespeare, but almost never with modern-language plays. I may start, now, though.

JUNE 15 – Today’s rehearsal for Rosaline was a preordained mess, with almost the whole cast together, something between 12 and 15 people, in a different space from before, with blocking and lines still uncertain. Kathryn, the director, wanted to get a timing for the show, but the workthrough took at least twice as long as it should have.

She was frank that the purpose of the rehearsal was to show everyone how much work they still had to do, and it did, so it was useful, but I had almost no concentration and couldn’t think of lines I’ve known for weeks.

I still feel that a director should define for the cast a single, definite purpose for each rehearsal, or for each run through, with the choice of purpose determined by whatever needs the most work. Today we had at least a double purpose (both lines and blocking) instead of a single one.

JUNE 17 – A four-hour rehearsal of all the one-acts, half an hour of it devoted to getting the room in shape to work in (not the large room where we’ll be performing – it’s not available yet – but a smaller room in the church), and half an hour to put it back.

Janet, one of my directors, said, “I don’t know how anyone can remember their lines in conditions like this,” and she’s right, which again is a reason for a director to define what’s expected of the actors at each point of a rehearsal, and to reassure them that it’s okay not to try to do everything at once, especially since each time something new is added or something major changed, the acting falls back to an earlier stage. It will recover, but not until a subsequent rehearsal.

Kathryn, the principal director, became so frustrated at having to repeat things she’d already emailed the cast that she said, “Does anybody read what I wrote?” The answer, not just in this show but in nearly everything, is no, most people don’t read what someone wrote, especially on email.

They may glance; they may overlook; they may ignore. They seldom if ever study the message point by point and try to retain what they read. They just don’t. At least that’s my experience – I’ve seen this in the business world repeatedly. (I had a bread-and-butter job in an office until I retired a few years ago.) Also, of course, the younger the people involved, the less they want to do with email at all. They prefer texting, or whatever has superseded that.

For myself, I tried to work on relaxing and concentrating in the moment tonight. Kayla, my scene partner in Good Idea, told me afterward that she’d decided the same thing, and both of us felt the rehearsal was useful for us.

JUNE 18 – A technical rehearsal in which we didn’t do any acting, just working on transitions and scene changes. That’s not entirely true – Kayla and I got to do our scene a couple of times.

A famous director – or maybe all directors – once said, “No matter how much you rehearse, you always need two more weeks.” That appears to be the case with our show – Rosaline needs more work on the acting and the scene changes have difficulties and will take a while to settle down – longer than we’ve got?

Also, we have a new lighting board and lights. They’re run by computer, and from what I saw of the program that operates them, I wouldn’t have the faintest idea how to make them work, and last night no one else did either, so we only had two working lighting instruments. (That bread-and-butter office job I had?  It was in IT.)

Overall lesson from last night: improvisation is a useful tool in theater, but not for the technical aspects of a play.

JUNE 20 – Last rehearsal (“final dress”) before we open tomorrow night. The show ran 2 hours 15 minutes, which is a little long, but it should compress a bit tomorrow night. Many set changes were botched, and Rosaline had a number of technical breakdowns; otherwise the show seemed pretty good, particularly since we hadn’t run it in several days. I attribute my big blunder to that fact: I made an entrance in Rosaline on the wrong side of the stage, but it was the first time I’d done the scene on that stage (the night before opening!) so I didn’t feel too incompetent. Besides, it’s easily fixed.

I spoke up about one thing, the curtain call, which was a mess, long and difficult to follow. I believe curtain calls should be quick and effective, because they’re the last thing an audience will see, and audiences mostly remember what was most recent.

JUNE 21 – Kathryn sent out the following this morning: “Curtain call:  no individual play bows, only one company bow, then up to Kyle, then another company bow, then off or out.” Thank goodness.

I also had a separate email asking if I’d mind cutting a long section of one speech I have. (I don’t mind.) A little late in the game? Well, yes, although of course line changes – even changes of whole scenes, or acts for that matter – used to be standard in out-of-town shows headed for Broadway, hence Sheldon Harnick’s well-known curse on Hitler, “He should have had to be out of town with a musical!”

My friend Nick, drawing on the legend that a bad dress rehearsal means a good first performance, said, “Now you’re bound to have a great opening night!”

After all the above, it was an acceptable opening night. We arrived at the theater to find that there was no power – and this in the middle of a heat wave, with temperatures in the 90’s. The power came back but the air conditioning never did. Peter Felicia, the former reviewer for the Newark Star-Ledger who wrote Good Idea and was there tonight, texted Janet, “Well, truth to tell, my wife just couldn’t take the heat, so we had to leave after my show. I was sorry, because I would have loved to have seen the others. You have VERY talented performers!”

In my experience actors won’t let a show fail – they’ll do something to keep it afloat. Everybody tonight seemed to have a commitment to the project; our Rosaline in particular was staggeringly good. I was happy with the couple of scenes I was in, and all in all we got through the evening well enough. But it was hot!

JUNE 22 – The air conditioning was back, the cast was confident, my scenes went well except that I could not remember the concluding phrase of my last speech and kept trying out substitutes. No harm done as far as I know. The show was videotaped, so presumably I’ll be able to check my performance at some point, if I want to. A more lively audience than the previous night’s.

In one scene, on a contentious point a husband is supposed to say to his wife that “I said yes” to another group of people, and the play went on from there. Tonight he said, “I said no.” She was dumbfounded and responded, “You said what?” Eventually she ad-libbed, “I know you, you really said yes,” and got the scene back on track. I’m not sure the actor ever realized what he’d said.

This incident reminded me of a story that Ken Barnes, a technical director at my college, told about a melodrama in which an actor supposedly entered late in the first act and announced, “I can pay the mortgage!” The entire play, the story goes, was derailed for some time . . . .

JUNE 23 – Our final performance, a matinee, followed by “strike,” in other words taking down the set and putting everything away. A quiet audience but they cheered and stood at the end – you can never tell how an audience will ultimately feel. Much of the cheering was for a high school student named Camilla Perez, who played the role of Rosaline and knocked it out of the park – she was strong, dynamic, and letter perfect in a huge part. I’d be astonished if she doesn’t go on to other notable things. I had one scene with her and one with an actress named Kayla Jackson, who was a pleasure to work with.

So I got some major breaks in the production, and all in all it was a good experience. I learned, or reinforced, some points about both directing and acting, and I am filled with admiration for everyone who undertakes the adventure of doing a play. Much more goes into it than many people realize. Theater must be a worthwhile activity – we all keep coming back.

[I said in my introduction to both parts of Kirk’s “Performance Diary” that reading it had caused me to reminisce about some of my own theater experiences.  I made note of some of them, so I thought I’d share them with Rick On Theater readers. 

[I’ve recounted some of these tales before, including in various posts of ROT, so you’ll pardon me if you’ve read them before.

[In Part 1, Kirk writes about performing with his colleague and friend Martha for the New Jersey Mental Health Players.  In the scene he describes, Martha played a woman suffering from depression and Kirk was her “oblivious brother.” 

[The issue about which Kirk writes in the diary is the confusion experienced by some members of the audience about whether he and Martha were actually siblings and if she was depressed in real life.  Here’s the memory that anecdote jogged for me:

I played Mother, the drug-pusher in A Hatful of Rain (Michael V. Gazzo, 1955), when I was in the army in West Berlin (1971-74).  An Air Force NCO who’d seen the show spotted me when I was out in the U.S. military compound doing tasks related to a security investigation.  (I was a Military Intelligence officer and we wore civilian clothes on duty, not army uniforms.)  The non-com actually threatened me, saying I was a real bastard and he'd like to take care of me some night in a dark alley!  I pointed out I was a U.S. Army officer and he needed to back off.  

[I remarked in my note that that was audience confusion!

[In his 21 June entry in Part 2 about the opening performance of Rosaline, Kirk recounted that there’d been a heat wave and that the air conditioning in the performance space had gone out.  “It was hot,” recorded Kirk.  This reminded me of another experience I’d had in the summer of 1977, when the tri-state area was in the midst of a severe heat wave.

[I was working on a master of fine arts degree in acting at Rutgers University’s School of Creative and Performing Arts (now the Mason Gross School of the Arts) in New Brunswick, New Jersey.  That summer, I was part of the Rutgers University Summer Theatre, a two-play presentation that combined MFA actors and professionals from New York City.  Here’s my recollection of that experience:

I was playing “Gunner” in Misalliance (1909-10) by George Bernard Shaw.  We couldn’t run the A/C except before curtain, at intermission, and after the final bow because it was too noisy.  It was so hot in the Philip J. Levin Theater on the campus of Douglass College, I sweated so much—​partly because I started out in the “Turkish bath,” a wooden box enclosed on all six sides—t​hat my green plaid suit looked black by the end of my first scene.  (That’s not a joke or even hyperbole.  It’s absolute emes.)

[For the record, the heat wave started on Wednesday, 13 July, and lasted through Thursday, 21 July.  On the last day of the heat wave, the temperature reached 104 degrees, just below the all-time record for New York City of 106, set in 1936.

[On the first day of the heat wave, New York City suffered a blackout that lasted 25 hours, caused by a lightning strike that tripped two circuit breakers.  When the circuit breakers didn’t reset, the city was sent into darkness as all electric power was lost.

[I drove from New Brunswick into the city (where I lived during my time at Rutgers) after the performance that night, with a carful of New York actors I was chauffeuring back and forth.  I also had my dog with me because I was in New Jersey too long to leave him home. 

[That night, I packed the dog, his things, and clothes for a few days, and the next day, when I got back to New Brunswick, the dog and I moved into the apartment of a couple of MFA classmates and stayed in Jersey until the power in the city went back on.

[In his entry for the next day, Kirk related an incident in which an actor flubbed a line and said the exact opposite of what he was supposed to say.  It took a few more lines until the actress in the scene with him ad-libbed a line that got them back on track.  That reminded me of another Rutgers performance, a year earlier than Misalliance:

One night in a performance of Devil Take the Hindmost by my classmate William Mastrosimone, a playwriting candidate at Rutgers, I also flubbed a line.

Devil is an epic play about the Battle of Trenton in the American Revolution.  (1976 was the Bicentennial Year, of course, and Bill is a native Trentonian.)  I played Colonel Johann Rall, the Hessian mercenary commander of the garrison at Trenton (for readers who didn’t get history in a U.S. school, the Hessians were paid allies of the British), an actual historical figure who died of wounds received at Trenton.  

Mortally wounded, Rall was captured after the Battle and when I surrendered to George Washington, I was supposed to say, “I beg you to treat my soldiers as men of honor.”  What came out of my mouth one night, however, was “I beg you to treat my soldiers as men of iron"!  (I don’t know where that even came from.)

The actor playing Washington, Jeffrey B. McLaughlin, a New York pro hired for the production (a huge cast representing three armies—American, British, Hessian—and a number of civilians, the company included not only MFA and undergraduate actors from Rutgers, local residents who were frequent participants in university theater, members of the university theater faculty—I got to act with my own acting teacher—and Actors’ Equity Association professionals), was standing face-to-face with me, a few inches apart at center stage. 

As I spoke those nonsensical words, I knew I was screwing up, but it was too late to stop, and Jeff had a look of perplexity and, yes, fear, on his face which he was fiercely trying to hide from the audience seated on all four sides of our environmental performing area.

We nevertheless went on as if I’d said the most appropriate thing imaginable!

[Devil was Bill Mastrosimone’s playwriting MFA thesis script.  Johann Rall was my thesis role for my acting MFA.  The university theater production of the play took place in November 1976.  (The Battle of Trenton, the first major American victory of the Revolution, took place on the night of 25-26 December 1776, almost exactly 200 years before our show.) 

[It was Rutgers’s entry in the Northeast Regional Festival of the American College Theatre Festival IX.  We were selected as a finalist and went on to the regional festival, hosted by Cornel University in Ithaca, New York, in February 1977.  Unhappily, we didn’t place in that competition, so we didn’t perform at Washington, D.C.’s John F. Kennedy Memorial Center for the Performing Arts that April.

[(I don’t know if Bill had to write anything other than the play text, though he, like all of us MFA candidates, had to face an oral defense before the faculty degree committee.  I had to write about the work that I did to create the role of Colonel Rall, which is on reposit in the Archibald S. Alexander Library at Rutgers.  I also posted the thesis on Rick On Theater on 10 and 15 December 2009.)]


25 August 2024

Performance Diary, Part 1

by Kirk Woodward

[When I started Rick On Theater in March 2009, it was in response to a suggestion from my friend Kirk Woodward, now a frequent contributor to this blog—including this post, “Performance Diary, Part 1,” and its companion coming up on 28 August.  In my first post on 16 March that year, I explained that I'd been e-mailing a few friends who used to live in New York and now lived far away.  They’d asked me to tell them what I see on the New York City stages. 

[I began copying Kirk on my reports, and he kept telling me I should try to publish them.  Since I only wrote when I saw something and I wrote about only what struck my interest, it didn’t seem likely anyone would pay me to do what I was doing.

[Kirk was working in IT at the time, so the idea of a blog came up.  He took charge of finding a suitable platform, and I almost immediately started to post.  (There are now over 1,200 posts on ROT, which has been running for 15 years, 5 months, and 9 days (as of 25 August 2024).

[Since I don’t see a show every week, I gave myself permission to fill in the intervening posting dates with coverage of other topics, mostly theater and the arts (but not always).  It became my plan to post articles on aspects of theater that most readers, especially those who weren’t associated with the professional or semi-professional stage, might not know about.

[Life in the theater is complex.  It covers a gallimaufry of fields, disciplines, and specialties.  It’s also labor-intensive, taking more time in one’s day, week, and month than most other endeavors in which people engage.  Many people, both theater folk and “civilians” (as one of my teachers referred to non-theater people—muggles, if you will), see a life devoted to the stage as more a calling than an occupation.  It’s what we do for love—to paraphrase the lines from the impassioned song in which Diana leads the dancers in A Chorus Line.

[As Kirk writes in his “Performance Diary”:

I hope this account indicates some of the many practical issues one encounters when putting on a performance, no matter which kind of performance it is.  Few things are “easy” in performing, no matter how small the show or how expert the team.

[I told Kirk, after I read both parts of his diary, that it made me reminisce some, so it obviously rings true.  I assured him that it's exactly what I want for ROT, along with the performance reports.  He chronicled the day-to-day activities of a theater pro—in Kirk’s case, a director, actor, teacher, and a little bit of a writer—when he’s involved in actual theater work.]

Between the middle of April and the middle of June 2024, I was involved in several performance events that separately perhaps wouldn’t make an entry for this blog but together, I thought, might serve the purpose, so here is a sort of performance diary for that period of time. I say “sort of” because I have revised a few of these entries after the fact. Still, between them they may suggest interesting things. I hope so.

I was surprised by how many performance events could be crammed into a short time period. I’m not always that busy! Here’s what I wrote:

APRIL 10 – Among the theatrical events I’m involved with so far are the following

1.   Love’s Labour’s Lost (hereafter LLL) - I volunteered to help the director, a friend of mine, if there was anything I could do as she directed this lesser-known play by William Shakespeare (1564-1616), and she has sent me the script to see if I can help edit it so it’s short enough to be performed without an intermission.

2.   2.  The Church World Service has a program at the Union Congregational Church in Upper Montclair, where I’ve done some shows, to help Ukrainian school-age children, mostly middle and high school, to get somewhat acclimated to the US. They take language classes, visit places, all sorts of things, and they’re doing a talent show at Union Congregational Church. The theater group there put out a call to see if anyone could help prepare the show, I volunteered, passed my background check, and I’ll be working with them for two three-hour rehearsals, with the first rehearsal tomorrow.

3.   3.  A woman I know asked if I could be a reader with her in an audition she’s doing by video phone this afternoon (that item will be completed later today).

[Two of the performances Kirk Woodward staged at UCC were March Madness – An Evening of Witty One-Acts (by many different writers) and Spoon River, selections from Edgar Lee Masters’s poetry collection, Spoon River Anthology. The UCC Players is also featured in ROT posts “Religious Drama,” 19 January 2014, and “Presbyterian Avant-Garde,” 19 May 2020, both by Woodward.] 

There are others too.

APRIL 15 – I talked with the leaders of the Ukrainian project on Zoom and I told them I’d just watch the next rehearsal and do anything to help that I could. So we’ll see, but it sounds interesting to say the least.

APRIL 20 – a rehearsal with the Ukrainian students. I had originally assumed that I’d be working with children, but as I said, these are high school-age students. They themselves put together the material for the show – songs, skits, and dances. Right now it’s messy and hard to follow. The director, also Ukrainian, is doing her best to keep everything organized. I suggested a couple of things – a bit of movement in an airport scene, a grouping for a scene in a park – and urged them to speak up. It’s not my show to direct, but I hope those thoughts helped a bit.

APRIL 21 – The Exclusions are a jazz group I brought together – drums, bass, piano, melodica (that’s me), and a vocalist. All except possibly me are terrific musicians. A melodica, in case you’re not familiar with it, is a small keyboard instrument that you blow into at one end. It’s often used to teach children music. It sounds a little like an accordion would sound if you blew in it somehow.

Today The Exclusions gave a concert at Fewsmith Presbyterian Church, and in my opinion it was a success. We were well organized at the basic level and a little ragged in the details, but no harm as a result. Everybody played/sang well, and the audience, about 50 people, appeared to love it. We received suggestions that since today’s subject was “Jazz of the 20’s,” next time we should do “Jazz of the 30’s” and so on, and maybe we will. It’s a nice hook to hang songs on. We also heard a suggestion that we should do Latin, Brazilian, Bossa music. Maybe.

APRIL 24 – I finished making the requested cuts in LLL and put the annotated script in the mail. Cutting a play of Shakespeare’s is frequently done, but it takes arrogance to do it.

In making these cuts, I tried to concentrate on clarifying the plot, such as it is, and resisted the urge to cut the entire comic subplot, which seems to me to be unredeemable. Then I cut every line that I didn’t understand when I read it – not that I might not understand it if I researched it, but the audience can’t do that, and why would it be worth a director’s time trying to make a line work if it needs significant explanation?

I am convinced that it is most important that the play’s story be clear. Second in importance is the language – is a line simply functional, or does it illuminate the scene? Third in order is whether or not it makes sense; sometimes problems in that area can be fixed by updating a word or two.

APRIL 28 – For years a group of us have played bluegrass, country, folk, and novelty music at no cost for not-for-profit organizations. We’re called the Foggy Minded Boys, the Foggettes, and, when combined, the Foggy Family. The FMB are men, the Foggettes are a tight harmony group of women.

Tonight we had a Foggy rehearsal, four of us. We have several Foggette bookings but none for the FMB right now, but I wanted to revive some songs that we haven’t done since Covid – a Fifties medley, “Act Naturally,” a Flatt and Scruggs medley, a couple of novelty numbers, and so on. It was a blast.

Carlos, our banjo player, had bought a new banjo in Nashville, sold to him by the man who hand-made it, and it has transformed his playing. I said to him, “The wand chooses the magician.” I’m not sure he got the Harry Potter reference, but it’s true – this is the banjo he ought to have, and his solos were blistering, his accompaniment was solid . . . a good rehearsal all around.

APRIL 30 – I asked Marina, the director/coordinator of the Ukrainian students’ production, how their rehearsal last weekend went, and she wrote:

The kids were more prepared, they remembered their lines, but we were suffering with technical issues and our time in the sanctuary was limited. We analyzed our mistakes, fixed our flaws and awkwardness, discussed where and when to enter, exit, etc. Next time we will bring the costumes and props. Our sound playback will be ready, English subtitles for Romeo And Juliet [sic] are ready. Musical numbers are ready. We need your professional eye and precious instructions. We all missed you.

If every rehearsal accomplished that much, nobody would need my instructions, which I doubt are all that precious. Anyway we’ll see how the rehearsal goes on Saturday and what if anything I can offer the next time I’m there.

MAY 4 – my second and last rehearsal with the Ukrainian students. They had made progress in last week’s rehearsal, when I wasn’t there, and were able to do the program more or less from start to finish. Two hand-held microphones were a help, and the musical numbers, all Ukrainian songs, sounded fine if a little raw. Although the students seemed to welcome me, virtually all the conversation was in Ukrainian, and sometimes there’s be long discussions followed by absolutely no change in behavior as far as I could tell – but of course I didn’t know what they’d been discussing.

I tried to think what I could say that would be both useful and succinct, since I felt I only had one real chance to say anything, and I focused on trying to close the gaps between sections – know what’s coming up next, know where everything that you’ll need is located, jump right in and get the scene started as fast as you can. The director promised to make sure each cast member got a copy of the program, which should help with continuity.

In the evening I participated in a table reading of a new musical that a friend has written. I won’t say anything about the specifics, but, fairly typically as far as I know for a new musical, the show took a long time to read through and needs focusing and editing. The writer seemed to agree, so I hope we helped.

MAY 5 – a meeting to announce the selection of LLL as the September production of the St. James Players of Montclair, New Jersey, a community theater group that presents one play a year, usually by William Shakespeare, and to introduce the director, Sharon Quinn, who’s a friend of mine from decades ago. About thirty people attended, many of them from last year’s production of Antigone. The evening consisted of a short theater game and a description of the play by Sharon – that was all. Auditions in two weeks. This is the play I had worked on editing.

MAY 7 – a musical performance by the Foggettes. Before the Covid quarantine, we had three Foggettes (plus me on piano); after the quarantine we had two, one having moved to South Dakota. We found two new fine singers and we’ve all been working to get a real “group” going again, and I think we achieved it today. It wasn’t that everything was technically perfect (it’s never perfect), but everyone worked together and the show had heart.

MAY 10 – For several years my son Craig and I have separately been participating in simulations for a university class for social workers, in which we play predators who target seniors, and the class members, in twos, interview us, trying to figure out if we’re dangerous or not. Today we had the most participants I’ve ever worked with – twelve teams, ten minutes each, over three hours.

My goal this time was to behave more suspiciously than previously, in order to give the interviewers more reason to be skeptical of me. In about the fifth session today I was asked whether I wrote checks for the man I’m accused of exploiting, and I replied, “No, I’d never get involved in that. Checks can be traced!” I thought that was practically a confession of guilt – why else would I be thinking along those lines?

To my amazement, no one noticed the implications – I’m not sure if they didn’t hear me or felt there was no good way to exploit my statement, but in any case I was able to repeat it with two other groups, and no one commented. I was delighted – I guess my criminal instincts were satisfied.

This evening was the monthly “jazz jam” at a church in Bergen County, New Jersey. The “house band” is called Foreign Exchange, because there are many people from Japan in the band, the church, and the community. The band members vary in skill; the tenor saxophonist, Yoshi Koyama, is world-class, others – including myself – are working to improve. The leader, Michael Hinton, is an astonishing percussionist, who over his career has worked with, among others, the Grateful Dead, Liza Minelli, and Henry Mancini. In this group he plays piano. Good things can happen, and the closing number, “There Will Never Be Another You” (music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Mack Gordon; 1942), was a rouser.

MAY 11 – the Ukrainian We Are Here: Refugee Youth Variety Show gave its one performance this afternoon.  I thought of the two remarks The Art of Coarse Acting (Michael Canon Green, 1964) says you can say about a show, “Better than Broadway!” and “Nobody noticed a thing.”

But more on my mind was what Theseus says in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream: “For never any thing can be amiss / when simpleness and duty tender it.” The truth is, the show was lovely for what it was and for what it represented. The teenagers had written and structured it; I’d have put it together differently, but so what, it was their show.

There was one highly theatrical moment, when a singer, doing a song called “Ey Guzel Qirim,” a Tatar ballad about deaths of an indigenous people in the Crimea, began singing in the shadow and moved slowly into the light. There were dances, songs both instrumental and sung, and a funny modern-day Romeo and Juliet in Ukrainian, with a projected translation.

A representative of the Church World Service, which sponsored the program, told me that some of the cast hopes to go home despite the dangers; some don’t. All in all, I was overjoyed for them, and moved.

A curious sidenote: As I walked up to the church where the Ukrainians were going to perform, Janet, the director, called out. She was sitting on a bench with Gary, an actor, and she said, “I need you to sit on the bench” so Gary would have someone to deliver a monolog to, in another scene Janet was directing. So we sat outside and rehearsed the scene for a while. Theater happens in all sorts of places.

MAY 19 – Tonight we held first readings for LLL with a small turnout, but I was impressed that everyone handled the language well, with no exceptions. It’s true that the theater company has performed Shakespeare’s plays for about 15 years; maybe experience does count for something.

MAY 20 – the second and last night of auditions for LLL. More people came and it looks like we’ll have a cast. Some random thoughts about directors and actors at auditions:

1.      Directors make most of their initial casting decisions almost immediately on seeing an actor. Therefore they shouldn’t waste the actors’ time. The temptation is to read an actor a number of times in order to make them feel that they’ve been heard.

2.      Instructions to actors should focus on things the actors can do at that moment. Philosophical or psychological subtleties, interesting but irrelevant plot details, detailed character analysis, all are pointless at an audition unless an actor can do something with them on the spot.

3.      Why do directors ask actors to act in auditions in ways that they wouldn’t ask them to in rehearsal? Directors learn (sometimes!) not to ask actors for “results,” such as “Can you do this scene again, but this time be really angry?” Good directors (I would say) work on reasons for behavior and on what the characters want. There’s no reason they shouldn’t do the same in auditions, but frequently these often get “shorthanded,” presumably in order to see how flexible the actor is. I still object.

4.      Directors should remember that actors may bring unexpected traits and abilities that potentially can enrich the play more than the directors’ own preconceptions might. Otherwise why have actors at all? Maybe replace them with AI created replicas? (I hope no one takes up that suggestion.) Another way to phrase that idea is that directors should be alert to ideas for roles that they have not considered.

MAY 21 – the casting for LLL seems fine, and we have had just enough people to fill all the roles. I mentioned above that I thought I might be cast in the play, but I never put my name in, feeling that we had enough good people to cast without me, and I was correct. I imagine I’ll be working on the show in some capacity.

The Mental Health Players, under the auspices of the New Jersey Mental Health Association, present short scenes on mental health issues for audiences all the way from patients to psychologists, followed by audience discussion. We will have one coming up on Friday, so this morning Martha, with whom I almost always do the scenes, called and we worked out a shorter version of the scenario we were sent. We’ve done this scene (on depression – Martha is the victim, I’m her oblivious brother) before, but not since Covid.

MAY 22 – I often have the kind of dreams that people call “actors’ nightmares,” in which one dreams of appearing in a play, or some other performance situation, unprepared and confused. Last night I dreamed I was going to be the baritone soloist in some sort of oratorio. I was sure I’d do fine although I hadn’t rehearsed and I could only recall part of the first number. At the last minute I realized it might be a good idea to have the music for the piece and I started looking for a vocal book . . . .

Tonight in a Zoom class on “classic TV” led by my friend the actor Joseph Smith, we discussed Ed Sullivan, who by having no performance skills at all made a perfect host for countless gifted performers. His situation reminded me of one of the central paradoxes of acting: the more skilled the actor, the less the actor looks like they’re doing anything at all. Obviously Ed Sullivan demonstrates the falsity of that conclusion: he doesn’t do any “acting,” and he doesn’t seem like he is, either. Being straightforward and lifelike on stage isn’t “natural.”

MAY 24 – Martha and I presented our Mental Health Players scene today at a county treatment facility specializing in mental illness. Our scene went fine; the audience was made up of patients and attendants, and some in the audience were not able to take in the fact that we are actors.

I was reminded how theatrical “conventions” – procedures and devices – can become so familiar that we forget that’s what they are. The idea that we two people up there were not brother and sister and in many ways are unlike the characters we portrayed is a familiar idea for most audiences, but it’s nevertheless arbitrary, a fact seldom noticed. Some in this audience were confused and thought that in real life we were brother and sister, one really suffering from depression.

MAY 27 – a readthrough on Zoom of LLL by five of us, including Sharon, the director. A goal was to see how long the show would run, with a target of 75 minutes (in one continuous act); the readthrough took 74 minutes. In practice this does not mean the show will actually be that short, since it will contain musical numbers, not to mention scene changes, varying line readings, and mishaps. In other words, the script needs more cutting, which Sharon says she will do.

MAY 31 – a local theater company, just starting out, has now produced two new, full-length plays, one of which I saw tonight. How might one decide which was “better?” My answer: the first one gave me nothing to think about. The second had its problems, but I’ve spent the next day thinking about it.

JUNE 9 – a first cast readthrough of LLL, and it took an hour and twenty minutes, which is a good timing for a first reding. It’s a nice cast, although the difficulties in a production of Shakespeare are huge. His plays take everything a director has got.

JUNE10 – a readthrough for LLL preceded by two withdrawals from the cast, one small role and one largish one. One who quit thought the casting of her role was inappropriate, and one said to me, “I didn’t understand a word.”

People dropping out of performances happens frequently in community theater, but it happens in professional theater too (where the effects can be more complicated). The headaches a director then faces includes finding someone else to play the role and, often, having to adjust the rehearsal schedule.

Interestingly, at tonight’s reading the level of comprehension of Shakespeare’s words, at least as far as I could tell, was much higher than last night, with some actors positively comfortable in their roles and the plot seeming more and more intelligible.

I irritated myself by speaking up at least once when I should have kept quiet; I’m not directing, I’m not even acting, so shut up. I did start sketching ideas for blocking in my script, I admit it, both to keep my mind active and to see what I might come up with – not to be shared with anyone.

JUNE 14 – In tonight’s “jazz jam” I realized tonight that one thing I’ve learned is not to anticipate what I’ll play when it’s my time to solo, but just to trust that at that moment I’ll play what I’m supposed to play. “Be in the moment” is really the lesson. I want to apply that more to my acting as well.

JUNE 15 - Bone tired, I still dragged myself this evening to the second half of blocking rehearsals for LLL. I guess it was okay; I could hardly keep my eyes open. When I began this diary piece, I was involved in five different projects; four are now completed or on indefinite hold, with only LLL in the running, and I’m basically just an observer on that. But who knows? In theater anything can happen.

*

At this point the account of LLL ends, because the two-month period I’m writing about is over, and because, due to scheduling problems and vacation, I didn’t see another rehearsal for a month.

I hope this account indicates some of the many practical issues one encounters when putting on a performance, no matter which kind of performance it is. Few things are “easy” in performing, no matter how small the show or how expert the team.

The second half of this diary will focus on one production, with the aim of pointing out more of the interesting challenges one encounters in theater.

[The second half of this diary, which will be posted on 28 August, will focus on the production of two new one-act plays in which Kirk had two roles.  Kirk’s aim is to point out more of the interesting challenges he encounters while working in theater.  Please return to Rick On Theater for “Performance Diary, Part 2,” on Wednesday.]


20 August 2024

'Yé-Yé'

 

[As most readers of Rick On Theater know by now, I lived in Europe for some years from my mid-teens till my early 20’s.  (See “An American Teen in Germany,” posted on ROT on 9 and 12 March 2013.)  My dad was a U.S. Foreign Service Officer posted in Germany from September 1962 to October 1967, and my brother and I made our first visit to Europe at Christmastime 1962—which was my 16th birthday—and we went to live with our parents the following summer when I finished my sophomore (and my brother his eighth-grade) year at boarding school in the States. 

[I began to learn German that summer—my father hired a young woman to tutor my brother and me and I got quite proficient by the time I started my junior year at an international school near Geneva, Switzerland.  (See “Going to a Swiss International School,” 9 April and 2, 5, 8, and 11 May 2021.) 

[Geneva and the Swiss Canton of Genève are in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, so, although my classes were in English, most of the rest of my school life was conducted in French.  I had only taken a year of American high school French before coming to Europe, so my introduction to conversational French started when I arrived at school that fall.  With the benefit of becoming close friends with a French teenager in Germany—his father was the military doctor with a contingent of the French army in Germany—I became increasingly fluent in French as well. 

[(The city in which both my family and the Humiliens were stationed, Koblenz, had been part of the French Zone of Occupation after World War II; France still maintained a small presence there.  The Humiliens and my folks had become friendly in the few months since Dad arrived in Koblenz, and their son, Marc, was my age.  The two of us and Marc’s younger sister Marion, who was my brother’s age, all became close friends.  Eventually, my French became more fluent than Marc’s or Marion’s English, so our conversations were mostly in French. 

[(While I spoke English at home and in class—and with my English-speaking schoolmates in the dorm and dining hall—and German around town in Koblenz, I spoke French in Switzerland with the school staff and off campus and whenever I was hanging out with Marc or his sister.)

[Living in Koblenz was different from living in Bonn, the capital then of the Federal Republic of Germany (that is, West Germany), the location of the U.S. Embassy where my father was later transferred.  There, we lived in an embassy residence compound where everyone spoke English and Dad’s office was mostly staffed by Americans (with a number of German employees, but they all spoke English as well).  But in Koblenz, where we lived until 1965, we lived in a completely German community—Dad was the only diplomatic official from the United States in the region; his small staff at his office was all German (explained in “An American Teen”), though most of them spoke excellent English.

[My family’s life in Koblenz was just about as German as it could be: we shopped in German stores, rode German busses, ate in German restaurants, went to German movie theaters (where, even if we saw an American movie, it was dubbed into German).  As far as I was concerned, this was part of the greatest adventure of my life up to that point!  I reveled in the whole experience.

[My parallel life as a student at a Swiss international school was much the same . . . except it was mostly in French instead of German—and the culture I was absorbing was French (well, French Swiss—but the distinction’s pretty much a quibble).  So, at one and the same time, I was being enculturated into German customs and French customs.  Not just the languages, but the ways of doing things—almost everything.

[I was very successful at it, as it turned out.

[Of course, we made a point of exploring—and adopting—the cuisines of the cultures around us.  While we continued to eat our favorite foods and dishes from home—Mom was a great cook—we also ate (and drank) what the Germans, Swiss, and French did, as well as other foods from places we visited.  (Mom made a terrific paella after an extended trip through Spain!)]

In the years my family lived in Europe, among the cultural aspects that we—well, I—dipped into avidly was music.  I was already a Rock ’n’ Roll fan from its beginnings in the mid-1950s (when I was about to turn 9), and when I got to Europe, the Beatles were just bursting forth in Britain and on the Continent.  I was infected with Beatlemania right off, followed by the music of the groups that came after the Fab Four. 

Not only are my first Beatles albums and 45’s European pressings—my first Beatles LP, With the Beatles, released in Europe in 1963, is a German pressing I bought in Koblenz and my Rubber Soul is French because it was a gift from Marc Humilien, both with 14 cuts instead of the usual 12 for American albums—but I still have the 45 of the German-language versions of “I Want to Hold Your Hand” and “She Loves You” (“Komm, gib mir deine Hand” and “Sie liebt dich”) the Boys recorded in 1964.

I also have 45’s of recordings by Sheila (b. 1945), Sylvie Vartan (b. 1944), Françoise Hardy (1944-2024), Claude François (1939-78), Richard Anthony (1938-2015), and Guy Mardel (b. 1944) I bought in Geneva.  These were the yé-yé singers of France in the early and middle 1960s—at the start of their popularity just as I arrived in Switzerland.

Though the French gave precedence to their own language, which made the French pop scene different from those of other Continental musical movements, there were several foreign yé-yé singers.  Jane Birkin (1922-2016), an English actress and singer, had a role in Slogan, a 1969 French comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Pierre Grimblat (1922-2016).  She met Serge Gainsbourg (1928-91), a singer-songwriter who had a part in the film, in 1968.  They began a relationship and Birkin moved to Paris and established her career as an actress and singer.

Gillian Hills (b. 1944) is another British actress who established a singing career in France.  She made a movie for Roger Vadim (1928-2000), Les liaisons dangereuses 1960, in 1959, and then made her first recording in 1960.  In 1963, she collaborated with Gainsbourg on his first yé-yé duet, “Une petite tasse d’anxiété” (‘A little cup of anxiety’), which Gainsbourg sang with her on French TV.

Nancy Holloway (1932-2019), one of the few Black and American yé-yé singers, arrived in Paris in 1954.  She made a tour of Europe as a dancer and settled in Paris in 1960.  She made her first record, the single of the chanson “Le boogie du bébé” in 1961 while she was making feature films, one of which was Cherche lidole (‘Look for the idol’) by Michel Boisrond (1921-2002); Holloway played herself alongside singers Sylvie Vartan, Johnny Hallyday (1943-2017), Charles Aznavour (1924-2018), and Eddy Mitchell (b. 1942)

Françoise Hardy (whose family name was pronounced ar-DEE) and her yé-yé companions were part of my immersion into French culture when I was at school in Geneva.  Hardy, arguably the best-known “Yé-Yé Girl" of the era (she was also a fashion icon and made a few movies), died at 80 on 11 June 2024.

Her obituary appeared in the New York Times on the 14th.  Though the obit was fairly long, it never even mentioned the yé-yé singers or the European musical style of which she was an icon.  I began to wonder if the pop movement might be worthy of an ROT post.  It’s not well known, though it had influence on the Continent, in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and several other countries in Western Europe—not so much in Germany. 

(Yé-yé’s influence went beyond Europe as well.  Not only was it immensely popular with Quebeckers—whom, I’ve been known to say, are more French than the French!—but the Japanese got into the act as well.)

It wasn’t a movement in England, either (except for Petula Clark, b. 1932, a sort of honorary Yé-Yé Girl).  The Beatles were starting up at the same time, and then the other Brit Rock bands, so I don't think yé-yé had a chance to take hold there.  

(Clark was a kind of special case.  She sang in both English and French—as well as several other languages—and after her 1964 international hit “Downtown” topped charts all over the world, she also released a French version, “Dans le temps” [‘In the old days’] the next year.  In the United Kingdom, the French version charted alongside the English original, but I don’t know if it was even released in the U.S., though it was a hit in Quebec, where Clark was popular.)

I don't think yé-yé penetrated into the United States—which would account for the failure to mention it in Hardy’s Times obituary.  With Pet Clark, for instance, her connection to the pop music style was never mentioned in her PR here, I don't think.  I asked my friend Kirk Woodward, who’s a musician and songwriter himself, as well as a Rock ’n’ Roll and pop music fan, if he’d ever heard of yé-yé music.  “It’s definitely not a familiar subject for me,” he told me.

My judgment is that here in the U.S., yé-yé's not a familiar topic—even to Americans who were around (and cognizant) in the ’60s—y​et it was a significant part of my enculturation into living in Europe when I was a teenager.

The yé-yé movement was decidedly French, but it spread all over Western Europe and lasted about a decade, with influences that continued much longer.  Among its several influences and progenitors, yé-yé’s most prominent was the French chanson (la chanson française) of the 1950s and ’60s, already infused by American and British Rock ’n’ Roll.

(Chanson is simply the French word for ‘song.’  When referring explicitly to the specific genre of the chanson descended from medieval times, however, the phrase ‘French chanson’ or chanson française is commonly used.  In this post, since I’m only referring to the particular genre, I won’t always make the verbal distinction.)

The modern chansons after World War II were cabaret songs performed by solo singer-songwriters who could accompany themselves.  Think of singers like Édith Piaf (1915-1963), Jacques Brel (1929-78), and Charles Aznavour as archetypes.  The chanson of the mid-20th century was in the tradition of songs that focused on the lyrics and vocals over the melody, creating an intimacy with the audience.

Spotlighting the lyrics of the French chanson, putting storytelling and vocalizing front and center, stresses the song’s message and invites listeners in so that they almost feel as if they’re intruding on a private moment.  Chanson lyricists often strive to convey messages of significance, sometimes political, in their songs.

Even as Rock ’n’ Roll dominated the pop music of the U.S. and the U.K., as well as much of Western Europe, in France, where American-style pop music translated into French was looked down on as imitative and derivative, the French chanson, which traces its heritage back to medieval France as far back as the late 11th century, continued to dominate French airwaves.

Some of the writers and singers of yé-yé were part of both worlds, such as Françoise Hardy and Serge Gainsbourg.  American and British pop influence on yé-yé, however, shifted the emphasis to catchy tunes, but lyrics that didn’t really mean very much, like 'yé yé,' ‘la la la,’ or ‘na na na na,’ and so on.  (After yé-yé passed from the music scene, a new form of French chanson emerged, dubbed the nouvelle chanson.)

By my own observation—admittedly, one formulated by an American teenager newly arrived in Europe—this accounts for a phenomenon of the European pop music scene.  The Brits had already absorbed American pop-musical influences and after essentially copying our early Rock ’n’ Roll of the ’50s until, by the early ’60s, they were launching their chart-busting counter-offensive.

In Germany, the radios and record stores were full of American and British pop groups and solos.  (The Beatles famously recorded those two early hits as a thank-you to their German fans who had welcomed them in early gigs in Hamburg before they became internationally famous.)  

The Germans, though, were hung up on “cowboy music” at that time—not what we call today country-western music, but old-time cowboy music: Gene Autry, Roy Rogers, Tex Ritter.  (The theme song from Bonanza was a special favorite.  See “‘Wild West Germany’” by Rivka Galchen, posted on ROT on 15 September 2012.)  Hence, I submit, the low popularity of yé-yé music there.

French Rock ’n’ Roll was largely French versions of American hits.  Hugues Aufray (b. 1929), for instance, had a hit with “Pends-moi” (1964; the French title means ‘hang me’), a cover of Roger Miller’s 1964 single “Dang Me.”  Petula Clark covered many American pop hits in French, including “Ceux qui ont un coeur” from 1964 (‘Those who have a heart’; Dionne Warwick’s “Anyone Who Had a Heart,” 1963) and 1966’s “La nuit n’en finit plus” (‘The night never ends’; Jackie de Shannon’s “Needles and Pins,” 1963).

In 1962, Yé-Yé Boy Claude François, known as “the prince of yé-yé” and “the king of disco,” had his first hit with “Belles! Belles! Belles!” (‘Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful’).  It was an adaptation of the Everly Brothers’ 1960 “(Girls, Girls, Girls) Made to Love.”

(Later, François experienced a turn-about.  He had a hit with “Comme d’habitude” (‘As usual’) in 1967 and then the English version became an even bigger hit in 1969 for Frank Sinatra—called “My Way.”  Does that make Sinatra a Yé-Yé Boy?)

Johnny Hallyday, a singer and actor who was married to Yé-Yé Girl Sylvie Vartan from 1965 to 1980, had hits with, among other covers, 1961’s “Viens danser le twist” (‘Come dance the twist’; “Let’s Twist Again” from Chubby Checker, 1961), which sold a million copies and got him a gold record; “Da dou ron ron” in 1963 (The Crystals’ “Da Doo Ron Ron,” 1963), which was no. 1 for eight weeks; and 1963’s “Quant je l'ai vue devant moi” (‘When I saw her before me’; The Beatles’ “When I Saw Her Standing There,” 1963).

For the most part, though, the French not only preferred their own singers—but their own musical traditions.  Hence, yé-yé!

The Yé-Yé Girls, as you’ve probably gathered by now, weren’t a girl group, but a musical movement.  There were Yé-Yé Boys, too, like Hallyday and Claude François—in addition to the other singers I named earlier—but the girls, young, pretty, and stylish, were the best known and most popular.  (It probably didn’t hurt matters that the “boys” were all older than the girls by as much as a half a decade.  Hallyday was a notable exception—and he was extremely popular both as a French pop singer—dubbed “the French Elvis”—and as a movie actor.)

(The label was somewhat elastic.  Some of Aufray’s songs, for instance, are labeled yé-yé while others aren’t.  Singer Alain Barrière, 1935-2019, was sometimes considered yé-yé, but seemed to have eschewed the tag and music reviewers mostly found he wasn’t influenced by the musical style even when it was extremely popular in France.)

Okay, but what is yé-yé?

First the name.  In case you hadn’t twigged to it on your own by now, yé-yé (or, as the French write it, yéyé) is an approximation of the English ‘yeah yeah,’ a common interjection in American (as early as the ’50s) and British (by the ’60s) Rock ’n’ Roll.  (Someone counted: in the Beatles’ 1963 pop hit “She Loves You,” in which the refrain “Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!” proliferates, the word “yeah” is sung 29 times.)

In February 1962, Françoise Hardy, who’d just turned 19, sang her own composition, “La fille avec toi” (‘The girl with you’), on Mireille Hartuch’s Sunday television show, Le Petit Conservatoire de la chanson.  The song, which tells the story of a woman who revisits a place filled with memories of a past relationship and encounters her former boyfriend with a new girl, begins and ends with “Yeah yeah yeah yeah.”

(In the written lyrics, the line is spelled that way, that is, in the English spelling—but Hardy sings it as “yé yé yé yé.)

After Hardy finished, Mireille (1906-96; a well-known singer of French chansons, she went by one name) asked her what the “yé yé” lyrics meant.  I couldn’t find a record of Hardy’s reply, but the term went on to refer to “a young person’s exuberance, optimism, and enthusiasm for current trends.”  Yé-yé wasn’t just a musical style, it was also a way of dressing, dancing, and wearing one’s hair—and an attitude. 

In France, it was emblematic of the Swinging Sixties.  The yé-yé artists inspired a youth culture in France, much as the Brit rockers did in the English-speaking world.  It spawned a sexual revolution and, in the words of philosopher and sociologist Edgar Morin (who would help establish the new cultural influence), “a festive, playful hedonism.”

On 22 June 1963, a free concert at the Place de la Nation in Paris was organized by the French radio station Europe No. 1 (now Europe 1) and Salut les copains (loosely translated as ‘Hello, pals’ or ‘Hello, mates’), a popular music radio show.  It was expected to draw 20,000 people, but attracted 150,000 young people, who came to see yé-yé stars that included Richard Anthony, Sylvie Vartan, and Johnny Hallyday, but the unanticipated crowd degenerated into a riot known as “la Folle Nuit de la Nation” (‘the Crazy Night of the Nation’).

In an article on 7 July 1963 in the Paris newspaper Le Monde, just 15 days later, Morin (b. 1921) christened these young performers “les Yéyés,” the first time that term was used in the press, and blamed them for the blow-up at the Nuit de la Nation.  He further designated the entertainers harbingers of a coming revolt (which, in a way, came in May 1968 with the student revolt—though I don’t think the yé-yé singers had much to do with that).

(Salut les copains was started on Europe No. 1 in 1959—going off the air in 1968—and aired daily from 5 to 7 p.m., Monday through Friday.  It was a huge hit with teens and pre-teens, especially with 12- to 15-year-olds, who rushed home after school to catch the show.  Once yé-yé caught on, most of its reigning stars appeared on the program, many of them more than once and some many times.  It was sort of the American Bandstand of French radio.

Yé-yé, which arose in 1962, the year before the Beatles released their first record, was quickly dismissed as what we anglophones would call “bubblegum” because of the supposed shallow and youthful focus of their music.  The baby-boomers, though, saw that their square elders thought that the music was a facile imitation of music from abroad because they didn’t bother to listen to the originality and sophistication of the songs.

Part of the enduring appeal of yé-yé music was its subtle irreverence. Yé-yé songs weren’t as overtly political or revolutionary as, say, some of the chansons of Jacques Brel, but the composers found ways to assert the newfound independence of the young generation, though often with jingly melodies and danceable beats.

Ostensibly, the songs were about love, of course, but the teens took to them because they were also about the mundanities of life, like school and loneliness.  One of Françoise Hardy’s first and biggest hits was the self-penned “Tous les garçons et les filles” (‘All the boys and girls,’ 1962, a beautiful and melancholy song about loneliness—something of a signature theme of hers.  One of her songs from the same album, “La fille avec toi,” is a poignant exploration of heartache, nostalgia, and the painful realization of unrequited love.  Jacqueline Taïeb (b. 1948) looked and sounded like the teenage girl she was and sang about everyday subjects such as looking for her toothbrush and crushing on Paul McCartney.

The ordinariness of these subjects, however, often employed double-entendres to lead the listener to the intersection of innocence and sensuality, while allowing them to choose which path to interpret and enjoy the music.

Perhaps the best known and most blatant example of this—also the cruelest—was a song written by Serge Gainsbourg, the most prolific yé-yé songwriter of the period.  He was the composer of most of the songs recorded by France Gall (1947-2018), one of the youngest of the Yé-Yé Girls in the scene.  She released a song entitled “Les Sucettes” (‘Lollipops,’ 1966), when she was 19.

On its surface, the song is about a girl named Annie who likes anise-flavored lollipops; however, the lyrics are almost all double-entendres for oral sex, such as a line about barley sugar running down Annie’s throat.  The French word for lollipop, sucette, is derived from the verb sucer, which means ‘to suck.’  So, to a French ear, the title would be more like “Suckers” and the refrain “Annie aime les sucettes” would be “Annie loves suckers.”

Gall was a very naïve and innocent girl—France at the time was a very conservative and repressed society—and said after the song’s release that she had no idea about the double meanings.  She was mortified—and her collaboration with Gainsbourg ended.

Gainsbourg was only one of the yé-yé composer-lyricists.  (He also wrote for sometime-actress Brigitte Bardot, b. 1934, a part-time Yé-Yé Girl.)  Other notable arrangers and songwriters included Jean Bouchéty (1920-2006), Michel Colombier (1939-2004), Mickey Baker (1925-2012), and Germinal Tenas (b. ca. 1948).  While the female singers were mostly young, often teenagers, and the Yé-Yé Boys were five-to-ten years older, the writers and arrangers were mostly considerably older. 

Perhaps needless to say, while the singers, especially the girls, were criticized by yé-yé‘s detractors for the shallowness of the lyrics, the older men were not subjected to the same opprobrium.  It was surely a matter of sexism and ageism—and the fact that the writers were either the same generation as the complaining parents, or nearly so helped indemnify them, I’d guess.

The songwriters were inspired by Phil Spector’s “Wall of Sound” that was the backtrack for the era’s girl groups in the States, and the Beach Boys.  They added a French sensibility to the American rock and pop with elements of baroque music, exotica, pop, jazz and, as already noted, the French chanson.  This mix was all presented with swinging, catchy rhythms and carefree, escapist, and playfully risqué lyrics. Voilà, yé-yé!

The chanson’s emphasis on the lyrics and the vocalizing was retained, even though the words no longer contained the importance they had in the chansons of the earlier decades.  The meter of the French chanson takes account of the rhythms of the French spoken language and demands precise and clear enunciation and pronunciation, and this remained as part of yé-yé.  As a result, when a yé-yé singer sang one of the pop tunes the composers put out, unlike many British and American Rock ’n’ Roll singers, all the words were clear and audible over the instrumentation.

The sound of French music during the yé-yé period was irresistible, blending infectious melodies with heartfelt lyrics that resonated with a young generation seeking freedom and self-expression.  The songs were filled with youthful energy, reflecting the changing times and the desire to break out of conventional norms.  Yé-yé became a soundtrack of liberation, empowering a generation to embrace their individuality and dance to their own tune.