16 December 2018

'Holiday Inn' Times Two


I had a peculiar experience recently.  I watched a WNET/Channel 13 rebroadcast of the stage adaptation of Irving Berlin’s film musical Holiday Inn with a new book by Gordon Greenberg (b. 1969; revisions of Stephen Schwartz and Nina Faso’s Working and Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris) and Chad Hodge (b. 1977; The Darkest Minds [film], Runaway and Good Behavior [both TV series]) as a matrix for the score by Berlin (1888-1989).  It aired on the Public Broadcasting System’s Great Performances on Friday evening, 30 November, and then about a week later, Turner Classic Movies aired the original 1942 Bing Crosby-Fred Astaire film on Saturday evening, 8 December.  I didn’t think all that much of the Roundabout Theatre Company’s stage adaptation and I thought I saw why while I was watching, but seeing the movie so soon afterwards confirmed it for me.  (By the way, the TCM host,  Ben Mankiewicz, said that Berlin first intended Holiday Inn to be a stage show, but he couldn’t find a producer.  IMDb noted the same thing.)

For the record, the film of Holiday Inn was directed by Mark Sandrich (1900-45; The Gay Divorcee, Top Hat), who also produced the movie, for Paramount Pictures.  The screenplay was written by Claude Binyon (1995-78) from an adaptation by playwright Elmer Rice (1892-1967; The Adding Machine, Street Scene [both stage plays]) from Berlin’s original idea.  The motion picture was filmed in black and white (even though popular and successful color films had been produced since 1939: Gone With the Wind, The Wizard of Oz); the spin-off, White Christmas, was filmed in Technicolor in 1954.  (Computer-colored versions of Holiday Inn are available, but TCM doesn’t air edited or altered films.)   The film, which runs one hour and 40 minutes, was released on 4 August 1942. 

Holiday Inn was number eight on the 1942 list of top-grossing films.  Berlin was nominated for the 1943 Academy Award for Best Writing, Original Story, and musical director Robert Emmett Dolan was nominated for the Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture Oscar.  Berlin won the Best Music, Original Song award for “White Christmas.”  (No one, including Berlin, thought very highly of “White Christmas,” but it became the number one-selling song ever recorded until 1997—55 years—when Elton John’s revised version of “Candle in the Wind” for Princess Diana’s death overtook it.  “White Christmas” is still number two.)

The Greenberg-Hodge Holiday Inn stage adaptation began at the 200-seat Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, in 2014 with co-librettist Greenberg directing (Guys And Dolls in West End, Working in Chicago and Off-Broadway).  In 2015, still under Greenberg’s direction, the play opened with a substantially new cast at the St. Louis Municipal Opera Theatre (The Muny), an outdoor amphitheater that seats 11,000 patrons.  Roundabout staged the Broadway début of Holiday Inn at Studio 54 (capacity, about 1006), the former Theatre District night club, opening the production with the cast that appeared in the Great Performances broadcast on 6 October 2016; it ran for 117 regular performances and 38 previews, closing on 15 January 2017.  Greenberg directed once more, and Dennis Jones, the choreographer, was nominated for both the 2017 Tony and Drama Desk Awards.  (The movie was filmed in 1941 and 1942, so it’s safe to assume that it’s set in and around those years, right when the U.S. was entering World War II; the Pearl Harbor attack occurred during the filming.  The play is set in 1946, the year after the war ended.)  The live stage performance of Holiday Inn ran two hours and 15 minutes with an intermission (which was cut for the TV broadcast, which consequently ran two hours).

Roundabout live-streamed the performance of 14 January 2017 on BroadwayHD.com and it was recorded.  PBS originally aired the performance on Great Performances on 25 November 2017 in New York City.  The television production was directed for the cameras by David Horn. 

The movie is notoriously slim on plot.  It’s really an excuse—a pretty good one, to be sure—to film some Irving Berlin songs and showcase Crosby’s singing and Astaire’s dancing.  If it had been a stage production it would have been a Berlin revue.  Crooner Jim Hardy (Crosby) and hoofer Ted Hanover (Astaire) have been cabaret partners for many years but when Jim announces that he and his girlfriend, dancer Lila Dixon (Virginia Dale), the third member of their act, are going to leave show business, get married, and live on a farm he’s just bought in Connecticut, Ted counters that he and Lila are going out on their own as a duo.  Jim decides the time has come to retire and moves to his farmhouse and tries to settle into the country life.  He soon realizes that he’s not cut out to be a farmer and sees an opportunity to do something special.  He decides to open his farmhouse to the public as an inn with New York-quality entertainment, but only on major holidays.  Each holiday will have its own, elaborate, original production number.  (It seems that the farmhouse has an entrance hall as wide and deep as the stage at Radio City!  And as many empty rooms as . . . well, a vacant Holiday Inn.)  By happenstance, he meets Linda Mason (Marjorie Reynolds), a stage-struck wannabe singer and dancer and she joins him at Holiday Inn as a member of his troupe.  Things go well until Ted shows up after Lila has left him for a millionaire, and he sets his sights on Linda as his new partner.  Ted’s manager tells him of a potential offer from Hollywood—if he can seal the deal with Linda to join him.  The movie’s so well-known that most people know the ending, but just in case, I won’t let that kitty out of the poke.

The problem with the stage version is that, while it still has the Berlin score (augmented with some additional Berlin tunes from other sources; there are now 20 songs, plus reprises and a finale), the Roundabout didn’t have anyone matching the star quality of a Crosby (1903-77) and an Astaire (1899-1987).  (I don’t know who they could have cast—there are plenty of great male singers to choose from but I can’t think of a dancer of a Fred Astaire or Gene Kelly stature.)  The performers Roundabout cast—Bryce Pinkham (b. 1982; A Gentleman’s Guide to Love and Murder; Tony Award nominee; see my Rick On Theater report, posted on 16 October 2014) as Jim Hardy, the Crosby role, and Corbin Bleu (b. 1989; In the Heights, Godspell; competed on Dancing with the Stars) as Ted Hanover, the Astaire part—were both competent, even good, musical actors, but not stars—which is what drove the movie (along with Berlin’s songs, which were then mostly new and he was at the top of the heap in ‘42—no longer a consideration in 2016).

The clearest example of this is the play’s and the movie’s opening song, a cabaret number meant to show off Bing’s crooning and Fred’s hoofing (while introducing the romantic triangle that’s a Leitmotif for the “plot”).  “I’ll Capture Your Heart” (or “I’ll Capture Your Heart Singing,” as it’s titled in the movie) is a musical duel between the singer Jim and the dancer Ted for the love of Lila.  (Both of the women in the movie, Dale, 1917-94, as Lila and Reynolds, 1917-97, as Linda Mason—dubbed by Martha Mears—were virtual unknowns.  The producers nixed the idea of casting  Ginger Rogers and  Rita Hayworth because they didn’t want two more astronomical salaries on top of Crosby’s and Astaire’s.  For that reason, the problem with the casting of the play is confined to the men.  The leading ladies on the stage were Megan Sikora as Lila and Lora Lee Gayer as Linda.)  The song, “I’ll Capture Your Heart,” isn’t that great—but the song-and-dance duel makes it work.  On stage, neither Pinkham nor Bleu was dazzling enough to animate the number—or the characters.

With a middling plot (Greenberg and Hodge made a few small changes, but nothing substantial), that leaves the Berlin score as the prop to hold the show up.  The original songs, however, were all (there were 14 of them) production numbers—there are no character songs (with one possible exception) and no narrative/plot songs in the whole score.  Jim sings “White Christmas” sitting at the piano for Linda, with whom he’s falling in love, but he wrote it “years ago” as a potential performance number “and stuck it in a drawer.”  Only the Valentine’s Day song, “Be Careful, It’s My Heart” (the song everyone, including Berlin, expected to be the hit from the movie—not “White Christmas”!) could be seen as a character number because Jim sings it as a love song to the girl.  But Cosby’s sitting at the piano with his back to the stage and Astaire enters above him and whisks Linda into a Ginger Rogers-ish lavish dance routine that ends with the two of them bursting through a paper heart in the finale—turning the song into another production number.

Greenberg and Hodge dropped some of the holiday songs and slipped in some other Berlin songs (“Blue Skies,” “Heat Wave”) to create some musical character and plot moments, but they barely work.  The result it a wan musical (which has never been restaged here since 2016-17 even though it’s essentially a Christmas season story that by rights ought to be a holiday family show).  Oddly, the adapters made two changes in the script, one of which complicates a small bit of the movie’s logic.  In the movie, the character of Linda, the girl with whom Jim falls in love in Connecticut, is a would-be singer-dancer.  She gets the gig at Holiday Inn after meeting Jim at a night club in New York where he’d gone to see his old partner, Ted, and his earlier love interest, Lila.  The Leitmotif I mentioned earlier is that Jim falls in love with the female performer in their act, then Ted steals her and whisks her off away.  So Ted sees Linda at the inn (Lila’s left him by now) and wants her as his new dancing partner.  When a potential Hollywood gig comes up, Linda’s tempted and leaves Jim for Ted and the movies.  Okay, it’s a cliché, but movie-Linda’s wanted to be a performer since her character was introduced in the first couple of scenes, so it’s moderately believable—at least for Holiday Inn.

In the stage version, Linda’s the daughter of the original owner of the farm Jim buys in Connecticut  She plays the piano a little, but she’s not headed for a performing career until she starts doing Jim’s holiday shows.  She teaches fifth grade in the local school.  It strains the play’s already tenuous rationale for stage play-Linda to be enticed to go off to Hollywood with Ted—whom she’s barely just met—instead of staying home at the farm/inn she loves.  (She shows up on the day Jim moves in ostensibly to pick up some family mementoes left behind.  It’s clear, though, that she really just wants to meet the man who bought her home.)  You just have to overlook this logical glitch so that the plot can move on!

(Ironically, the other change provided the play’s best performance—by a 13-year-old actor playing precocious, 10-year-old Charlie Winslow, one of Linda’s pupils.  The role doesn’t exist in the film: he’s the son of the banker who holds the mortgage on the farm and serves as the messenger between the bank and Jim—always with dire news about notes being due and such.  Later there’s a lame joke about his being let go at the bank because of child-labor laws.  The kid actor, Morgan Gao, was a little too “professional children’s school” slick, but he had more personality and energy than all the grown-ups in the cast!)

The critical reception for the movie was nearly universally effusive.  The following’s a sampling of reviews from across the country as the picture opened in various cities.  In Variety, Abel Green dubbed the movie “a standout film” and added, “With those Berlin tunes, a strong story content and Bing Crosby and Fred Astaire for the marquee its an undeniable box office parlay, a winner all the way.”  He continued, “Loaded with a wealth of songs, it’s meaty, not too kaleidoscopic and yet closely knit for . . . tiptop filmusical entertainment.”  Green observed that “Mark Sandrich’s production and direction are more than half of the success of the picture.”  The director has helmed Berlin’s idea “with understanding and feeling . . . and consummate showmanship, verve and tempo.”  

The New York Times film reviewer, Theodore Strauss, labeling Holiday Inn a “light-heartedly patriotic musical,” announced that “Mr. Berlin still has created several of the most effortless melodies of the season—the sort that folks begin humming in the middle of a conversation for days afterward.”  He added, “Mark Sandrich, director and producer, has taken the inevitable melange of plot and production numbers and so deftly pulled them together that one hardly knows where the story ends and a song begins.”  Strauss asserted that all this success is “largely due to the casual performances of Bing Crosby, who can . . . turn an ordinary line into sly humor without seeming to try, and Fred Astaire, who still owns perhaps the most sophisticated pair of toes in Christendom.”  The Times reviewer caviled that “Mainly ‘Holiday Inn’ is a series of musical episodes” strung on the romantic triangles of Astaire, Crosby, Reynolds, and Dale.  He concludes, “It is all very easy and graceful; it never tries too hard to dazzle.”  Strauss concluded that "‘Holiday Inn’ offers a reason for celebration not printed in red ink on the calendar.”

The New York Herald Tribune’s Howard Barnes called the film “a tour-de-force” and observed, “It was first conceived as a stage revue and it betrays that fact on more than one occasion.”  Barnes added, “Without the peculiar conventions of the theater, from curtains to the physical presence of performers, the material has a tendency to become episodic and repetitious.”  He affirmed, “The music is what gives ‘Holiday Inn’ a solid fabric of entertainment.  The treatment puts over a musical show form which I thought was doomed to constant failure on the screen.”  It’s the score, asserted Barnes, that “establish whatever loose continuity the show boasts,” observing, “The wisps of plot are scarcely likely to keep you enthralled.”  The Trib reviewer felt:

Even the adroit scenario which Claude Binyon has dreamed up to inter-relate a series of musical numbers . . . has little sustaining dramatic interest.  That wouldn’t have mattered behind footlights.  That it matters little in this screen show is a tribute to fine craftsmanship in every department of the production.

In a notice signed only “R. F. W.” (I haven’t been able to identify the writer), the Wall Street Journal dubbed Holiday Inn “a sure-fire hit” for which Berlin “has written a magnificent score.”  The WSJ reviewer added that Crosby and Astaire “make this new picture one of the year’s finest entertainment treats.”  The Journalist concluded, “All in all, this is one of Hollywood’s finest offerings, and it may well deserve a place among 1942’s best.”

Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times characterized Holiday Inn as “an easy-going sort of opus” and a “divertissement.”  The L.A. Times reviewer went on, “Decidedly on the up-beat is this ensemble of talents,” adding, “It can’t be said that ‘Holiday Inn’ overdoes itself in the plot department”; the screenplay’s plot and situations “may be tabulated as diverting enough,” while “[s]ongs and dancing do the most to entertain.”  Schallert asserted, “Behavior of the characters is not above reproach,” caviling about some of
Astaire’s and Crosby’s seemingly unjustified actions, but continued that “if they’d been left out there wouldn’t have been any plot at all.” 

The uncredited review in the Christian Science Monitor called Holiday Inn “a carefree musical film” and Berlin succeeded “partly because it is probably easier to write a tune around a holiday than to write a whole story around several holidays.”  The CSM reviewer complained that “the dialogue cannot be described as sparkling” and Berlin’s “tunes are pleasant without being particularly impressive.”  She or he also found “this association of Messrs. Crosby and Astaire seems less successful than the Crosby-Hope team [of the comic Road pictures].” 

In another review identified only with initials, “M. L. A.” said in the Boston Daily Globe when the movie finally arrived in Boston (in September), Crosby and Astaire “fans are doing everything but tearing up the seats in their enthusiasm.”  The reviewer declared, “There have been better musical pictures, there have been far better dramatic plots, but there has seldom been a picture which seemed to hit public taste more accurately.”  The Globe writer pointed out that the film “is pure and undiluted entertainment.  It requires no mental processes for its enjoyment.”  He or she affirmed, “Labelled ‘escapist’ in these times of stress [i.e., World War II, among other problems], it would be excellent fun and frolic no matter in what period of history we were living.”  The review-writer labeled Holiday Inn “lively, beautiful and sparkling” that’s also “carefree and gay.”  The Boston reviewer stated, “There’s youth and zest and grace about ‘Holiday Inn’ and all its players and it deserves the praise it gets from the obviously pleased patrons.” 

In the Chicago Daily Tribune, May Tinée declared, “‘Holiday Inn’ is like a clean, fresh, sweet scented wind, blowing away stale doldrums caused by a session [sic] of rum movies.”  She labeled the “concoction” of Crosby’s singing, Astaire’s dancing, a pair of “luscious . . . singing and dancing girls, . . . a bright and unusual story, gay tunes, fascinating dancing . . . why you have a dish guaranteed to tickle the movie palate of ANY film fan.”  Nelson B. Bell in the Washington Post characterized Holiday Inn as “gay and galloping entertainment,” for which the Post reviewer acknowledged “the picture’s lighthearted embellishments and musical embroideries” and “a well-defined, if tenuous, ‘plot.’”  “Out of this simple premise emerges something pretty elegant.”  

Show-Score, the theater-review survey website, calculated the critical record of Roundabout’s Holiday Inn based on 59 notices, but some were for previous stagings.  Based on only the New York reviews, I recalculated the average rating as 71 with a high score of 90 (Deadline, Edge New York) backed up by seven 85’s (including Broadway World, New York Daily News, Variety); the site’s lowest score was  a 20 for the Wall Street Journal below a 30 for Upstage-Downstage.  The review ratings for the Broadway production broke down to 72% positive, 17% mixed, and 11% negative.  My round-up will cover 19 reviews.

In Long Island’s Newsday, Linda Winer’s “Bottom Line” was “Predictable and perky holiday fare with some first-rate actors.”  She characterized the adaptation as having “the feel of a holiday perennial that has been returning from storage or been on the road for years,” which the Newsday reviewer deemed an indication that the adaptors “are professional about coloring within the lines of expectations.”  Winer felt, however, “For those hoping that the Roundabout Theatre Company had ambitions more challenging than perky audience bait to compete with the other moneymaking holiday offerings, well, hope elsewhere.”  In her conclusion, the Long Island review-writer wondered, “If walls had ears, what would Studio 54, disco home of ’70s debauchery, make of this hokey, wholesome new occupant?  If the walls had eyes, I suspect they would roll.”

Matt Windman of amNew York labeled the show “essentially a remake of a remake of a remake.”  (He’s counting the 1954 movie White Christmas—which had its own Broadway adaptation back in 2008—as one remake, plus previous stage versions of Holiday Inn from 2008 and 2009.)  While parceling out faint praise for the plot (“sentimental, old-fashioned”), setting (“cozy”), songs (“lovely”), performances (“decent”), Windman found the show “only occasionally springs to life . . . and too often feels like another generic jukebox musical or holiday attraction.”  He added, “Its attempts to add comedy by mocking the innocence of the genre reek of desperation.” 

Alexis Soloski dubbed Holiday Inn “a wan jukebox musical” in the U.S. edition of The Guardian (while punning that Roundabout “has entered hostel territory”), and she pointed out, “The story has an old-timey predictability that may delight those with more conservative tastes.”  Soloski warned, however, that “no real effort has been made to differentiate this show from the other recent Berlin offering, White Christmas, or to integrate the songs into the show.”  She also advised, “You can check out anytime you like, and chances are that one will—and quite often—as the leaden dialogue trudges to its close.”  Though “the Berlin tunes” are “a treat,” “[s]everal of the production numbers are lackluster.”  Partly “because the book is so thin,” Soloski found the acting “variable.”  She also judged that “Greenberg’s direction doesn’t veer from the expected.”  The Guardian reviewer concluded, “It’s too much to expect a musical to provide maid service or a mint on every seat, but if a new musical ever needed fresh linens, it’s this one.”

In the Wall Street Journal (which received Show-Score’s lowest rating), Terry Teachout dismissed the production in a single paragraph (under 200 words).  Holiday Inn “is less a show than a cash machine, a cynical repurposing of the beloved 1942 Bing Crosby-Fred Astaire film that exists solely to make as much money as possible.”  Teachout scolded, “It’s slick, synthetic and soulless, a musical full of robotic jokes and devoid of genuine romance.”  He labeled Pinkham and Bleu “uncharismatic” and said that they “are to Crosby and Astaire what a Whopper is to a New York strip.”  In the New York Daily News, Joe Dziemianowicz advised his readers, “If you’re in the mood for show that’s light-on-its-feet and wall-to-wall Irving Berlin, check into Broadway’s “Holiday Inn.’”  The “airy tale,” he reported, is “familiar and vanilla-flavored fluff, but with tasty sprinkles.”  (Dziemianowicz was even more parsimonious than Teachout; he expended fewer than 125 words!)

Making the frequent observation that the “Christmas season seems to start earlier every year,” Charles Isherwood noted in the New York Times, “This year, the Roundabout Theater Company has obliged all whose hearts are already pining for candy canes and mistletoe by presenting ‘Holiday Inn,’ a perky but bland stage adaptation of the 1942 movie.”  Asserting that the original songs from the film are “mostly not top-drawer Berlin,” Isherwood found, “The interpolated songs are integrated into the plot smoothly enough, without lifting the show’s mild temperature or bringing new definition to the characters.”  The Timesman also reported that the choreography was “more workmanlike than inspired.”  The reviewer’s conclusion was:

Actually, “Holiday Inn” wore out its welcome for me well before the inevitable reprise of “White Christmas” that comes toward the close.  As a familiar Broadway exercise in nostalgia—or a familiar Broadway exercise in holiday exploitation—it’s polished and pleasant.  But a great gift to the theater season aborning it’s not.  More like a prematurely hung Christmas stocking smelling faintly of mothballs.

Robert Feldberg of the Bergen County, New Jersey, Record described Holiday Inn as  “old-fashioned—but in a very pleasant way,” explaining, “It doesn’t poke smug fun at itself, or, at the other end of the attitude spectrum, pretend with a straight face that tastes haven’t changed in 75 years.”  Feldberg felt that the production “takes an appealing middle ground. It says, in effect, we know the story is hokey, and we might wink at it a bit, but we’re going to treat the characters and their feelings with respect.”  The “main job” of the book, the Record reviewer thought, “is to provide a . . . framework for a cascade of Berlin numbers, with a fair portion of the dialogue functioning as song cues.”  He found, however, that the original film score was “fairly pedestrian,” so it had to be “bolstered” by songs from other sources.  Feldberg’s final assessment was: “Though ‘Holiday Inn’ might be a musical constructed according to a formula, it’s a winning example of the type.  Forgettable, perhaps, but fun while you’re watching it.”

On NJ.com, Christopher Kelly, the reviewer for the Newark Star-Ledger declared that Holiday Inn, which he said “is as brightly colored and intellectually nuanced as your average commercial for Froot Loops cereal,” “is no one’s idea of groundbreaking or cutting-edge.”  It is, however, “directed with generosity and warmth” and “wears down all defenses.”  The Star-Ledger reviewer felt that the book “doesn’t always make sense,” but the Berlin music and the singing and dancing make up for it.  He asserted that the show “ultimately lacks the imagination or ambition” of the then-recent American in Paris adaptation (see my report and one by Kirk Woodward, posted on Rick On Theater on 2 August 2015 and 13 November 2015, respectively), but concluded, “Flaws and all, Holiday Inn leaves you unreservedly happythese days, no small feat.”

“In a season of American agita, the Roundabout serves a nice glass of warm milk,” its adaptation of Holiday Inn, quipped the New Yorker in “Goings On About Town.  “Don’t expect an iota of irony,” warned the anonymous reviewer; “like Jim, the show longs for simpler pleasures, and delivers them by way of well-polished choreography, familiar tunes, and two debonair leading men.”

Jesse Green, writing on Vulture for New York magazine, dubbed the show “a jukebox” musical, with the “shoehorning of songs from one context into another,” forcing “other songs to fit into the story,” and making “the portions . . . too small or too jammed together to enjoy.”  Green proclaimed “Holiday Inn is . . . less a ‘New Irving Berlin Musical’ [it’s official subtitle] than a new Irving Berlin medley.”  He thought it was “intentional” to use “the cover of old-fashioned family entertainment to excuse the let’s-throw-it-all-on-the-stage aesthetic.”  He asserted, “The emphasis on brightness and speed is so extreme that the show too often feels paradoxically dim and tiresome.”  Green ended with the lament that “all the charm in the world could not compensate for the reverse alchemy that has turned Berlin gold into brass plate, and Holiday Inn into Labor Day.”

In Variety, Frank Rizzo declared that Holiday Inn “has gotten a complete and first-class stage redo at Roundabout Theatre Company, turning this shaky fixer-upper into prime property that should please audiences looking for an easy-on-the-eyes, none-too-taxing escape.”  Greenberg and Hodge “have significantly rethought, reshaped and revitalized the script, giving the show more heart, a slightly modern sensibility and a joyful spirit.”  Rizzo concluded, “This clever musical should have longer legs than the Yule-centric stage version of ‘Irving Berlin’s White Christmas,’ especially for those yearning for an old-fashioned respite from political angst.”

David Cote of Time Out New York described Roundabout’s Holiday Inn as “renovated and refurbished,” but added, “Sure, there’s more corn and cheese served in this earnest, sweater-vested affair than any nutritionist would approve, but what harm in a cup of early eggnog?”  Melissa Rose Bernardo announced, “There’s virtually nothing new about Holiday Inn,” in Entertainment Weekly.  The characters “are so stock they’re practically cardboard” and “the ‘plot’ . . . is pretty much just a clothesline on which to hang Berlin’s songs,” the EW reviewer pointed out.  “Still, you’d have to be a total Grinch not to melt even a little” at the Berlin score. 

Frank Scheck’s “Bottom Line” in the Hollywood Reporter was “The Irving Berlin songs work their magic in this formulaic but sweet-hearted musical” and he proclaimed, “So sweetly wholesome that you experience a sugar rush while watching it, the show is corny and predictable.”  Scheck reported, “Although the story is more fleshed out than in the film, the rudimentary book . . . fails to develop the characters beyond thin archetypes.  Instead it relies on a plethora of clichéd jokes.”  He ended advising, “There may be lulls in between, but this is a Holiday Inn you'll want to check into.”

Roma Torre on NY1, the proprietary local news channel of the Spectrum cable TV service, complained, “‘Holiday Inn’ emerges as a quasi-jukebox musical that's pretty much by the numbers,” despite the “iconic music,” “terrific dancing,” “tweaked” story, and “added” songs.  Though the “musical numbers are sublime,” Torre wished “the story that frames these delightful songs didn’t feel so forced.  Granted, it was hokey in the movies, but its requisite charms are diminished here.”  The characters are “underwritten,” “lacking the kind of motivation that compels audiences to care.”  Torre concluded, “‘Holiday Inn’ is pleasant enough, but when I think of its musical peers from the era . . ., it’s more workaday by comparison.”

On Theatre Reviews Limited, Michele Willens declared that Holiday Inn “heavily depends on first class singers and dancers as well as classy production values,” which she felt the Roundabout production had.  Willens warned, however, that theatergoers would be disappointed “[i]f you are seeking conflict or edge.”  Michael Bracken of Theater Pizzazz observed that this Holiday Inn is “more self-aware than the original: it gently—perhaps too gently—pokes fun at itself.”  He called it “a grown-up ‘Let’s put on a show!’ show.”  Bracken felt that “Greenberg and Hodge’s book does not measure up to Berlin’s score,” and “you wish it would make up its mind to be either parody or pastiche.  Instead, it’s noncommittal, changing the story’s window dressing without changing what’s in the window.”  In the end, however, Bracken felt, “That doesn’t mean that Holiday Inn, in Greenberg’s otherwise steady hands, is anything less than surefire entertainment. You just can’t help wishing it could have made it to the next level.”

On Talkin’ Broadway, Matthew Murray offered “congratulations” to Roundabout's Holiday Inn, which, “[d]espite doing absolutely nothing new, . . . managed to push contemporary theatrical escapism to dizzying, unheard-of heights.”  “Usually,” Murray noted, shows that are basically “just out to give you a good time,” “give you an ounce or two of meat with your foot-tall mound of Cool Whip.”  (I’m not sure I’d really want meat with fake whip cream—but I get what Murray means.)  “After all,” the TB revewer added, “it’s not easy to swallow sugar for two hours straight without feeling ill.”  But Holiday Inn “doesn’t mind.  Its selling point is” the Berlin score.  “Much like the film, it’s just an excuse for showcasing a bevy of themed Berlin tunes coordinated with the performances” at the inn.  Murray’s big lament, though, was that, though “all shows committed to purveying empty calories should do so as competently as this one does, and its verve makes it utterly unhatable, he “can't help wishing those involved had wanted to do more with such tantalizing raw components.”

Comparing White Christmas, another Berlin movie musical that was adapted for the stage (Broadway, 2008-09), with Holiday Inn, Steven Suskin of the Huffington Post pronounced the latter “A decidedly better and more enjoyable film than ‘White Christmas,’” but was “rather” surprised “to find that Holiday Inn . . . makes a decidedly weaker stage attraction.”  Suskin labeled Holiday Inn “an unassuming and unchallenging musical, and an ineffectively assembled one at that.”  He advised, “Audiences looking for something gentle, built on bouncy Berlin melodies, might well be pleased.”  The HP reviewer had problems with the story, “which in the film dutifully plows ahead,” but in the stage adaptation, “halts again and again at Studio 54 while we get a handful of ballads that prolong the sleepy evening.”  He concluded, “Audiences looking for a non-challenging, 100% old-fashioned musical might well have an altogether swell time at Holiday Inn.  But the overall effect is dampened, as if everything but that firecracker [dance] number was staged with soggy powder.” 

(I never mentioned the “Let’s Say It with Firecrackers” dance that both Astaire and Bleu perform; many reviews mention it with great delight.  Ted does a solo dance—for the Fourth of July, natch—tapping as he throws firecrackers and “torpedo” crackers on the stage floor.  Both renditions were truly spectacular showstoppers.)

[I hadn’t ever seen the stage version of Holiday Inn, which is why I watched the WNET broadcast.  Then when the movie came on cable, I thought it would be interesting to see it so close to the play.  I just thought the juxtaposition of the play and the film was fortuitous—like one trip I made to Washington, D.C., 11 years ago, when my Mom and I saw She Loves Me at Arena Stage and, the same week, TCM aired both The Shop Around the Corner, the 1940 film adaptation of the original straight play, Parfumerie, and In the Good Old Summertime, the 1949 movie-musical adaptation starring Judy Garland and Van Johnson.  (It didn’t run You’ve Got Mail, the 1998 rom-com update, which I thought was a shame.  I posted a report on Arena’s staging on ROT on 22 July 2016 in “Two Looks Back.”)]

11 December 2018

Conserving Modern Art


A number of years ago there was an exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution’s Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C., devoted to the issue of the conservation and preservation of art made of experimental materials and in innovative styles that don’t age well or lend themselves easily to cleaning.  (My mother and I had gone to see Morris Louis Now: An American Master Revisited, 20 September 2007-6 January 2008, and this coincident exhibit was in the next gallery) and I’ve never forgotten the point: as artists were experimenting with new media and techniques, they never considered how those things would change over time—10, 20, 50 years—or how they could be cleaned and maintained as they collected dirt and dust from the environment.  This created sometimes immense challenges for museums and conservators (not to mention private owners with fewer resources) long after the artists had probably died.  (I posted a report on the Morris Louis show on Rick On Theater on 15 February 2010.)

Writing an article for an alumni newsletter about some art I gave to my undergrad alma mater made me think about the “unusual” pieces of art that are in my parents’ collection (discussed in “A Passion For Art: My Parents’ Art Collecting,” posted on 21 November 2017) and mine, too, to a smaller extent.   I also thought of this when I went to the David Wojnarowicz (1954-92) retrospective at the Whitney a couple of months ago (see “History Keeps Me Awake at Night,” 19 October 2018). I wonder how many people consider this when they see modern art in museums or galleries.

The on-line Encyclopedia Britannica defines art conservation and restoration as “any attempt to conserve and repair architecture, paintings, drawings, prints, sculptures, and objects of the decorative arts . . . that have been adversely affected by negligence, willful damage, or, more usually, the inevitable decay caused by the effects of time and human use on the materials of which they are made.”  (Britannica makes a distinction between conservation, “the maintenance and preservation of works of art and their protection from future damage and deterioration,” and restoration, “the repair or renovation of artworks that have already sustained injury or decay and the attempted restoration of such objects to something approaching their original undamaged appearance.”  In this article, I’ll consider both as forms of conservation—as Britannica adds, “The techniques and methods of art conservation and restoration go hand in hand”—with the distinction that the former is designated “preventive conservation” and the latter “conservation treatment,” as I discuss later.  These are the terms most art museums, including the Smithsonian art museums and the National Gallery of Art, seem to use and I’m following their lead.) 

The encyclopedia goes on:

The methods of art restoration used in earlier periods were closely linked to and limited by the art production techniques known at the time.  Advances in science and technology and the development of conservation as a profession in the 20th century have led to safer and more effective approaches to studying, preserving, and repairing objects.  Modern conservation practice adheres to the principle of reversibility, which dictates that treatments should not cause permanent alteration to the object.

Morris Louis (1912-62), a  founder of the Washington Color School, experimented with pouring pigment directly onto unprimed canvas, staining the canvas with bright, vivid colors.  The artist worked first in oils (diluted with solvents so it would pour), then later in the newly-developed acrylics (originally invented for house-painting, not art—this was an off-label application).  Some of his work, which spanned from the early 1950s to his death in 1962, was approaching 50 years old.  The exhibit tacked on to Morris Louis Now was intended to offer “insights into the Hirshhorn’s groundbreaking conservation techniques developed to preserve and restore poured-paint canvases by various artists.”  The curators also asserted that the conservation display would allow museumgoers to “experience the richness of Louis’s canvases with the added perspective of how the innovation of his methods has [led] to similarly innovative approaches to caring for these vibrant, delicate works of art.”

(Some years earlier, the Hirshhorn had mounted another exhibit on this issue, Conservation of Modern Art, 2 February-31 March 1985, in which 17 works of more than half a dozen artists from the museum’s own collection—Arshile Gorky, Joan Miró, Alexander Calder, Fernand Léger, Larry Rivers, and others—that had undergone conservation treatment were shown.  The conserved pieces were accompanied by photographs depicting what they had looked like before the treatment.  A later Hirshhorn display, How Does Museum Staff Care for Modern and Contemporary Art?, 25 July 2003-31 January 2004, was “intended to address the interaction of principle, practice, materials, techniques and ideas, which characterizes the preservation and care of contemporary and modern art.”)

I had a serious problem of this nature with a painting from 1958 that began to deteriorate because of the innovative technique the artist used to create it.  The fate of my little Abstract Expressionist painting, Intermezzo (1958) by Norman Carton (1908-80), is a simple, but perfect example of what the issue here is.  The 18-inch-by-16-inch, heavily impastoed, multi-colored work in oil on canvas, purchased in December 1960 by my folks as a 14th-birthday gift for me, is one of the most cherished pieces I have—because I love the painting for itself, because it’s the first piece of art I ever owned, and because it was a specially selected present from my parents (bought from  “our” art gallery; see “Gres Gallery,” 7, 10, and 13 July 2018).  I took Intermezzo with me every time I moved, except when I went to college and the army (when it stayed in “my” room at my parents’ Washington home). 

In the 1980s, the painting began to deteriorate.  The oil paint—Carton made the painting before new pigments like acrylics were invented—had just begun to dry on the inside of the thick gobs the artist had applied to the canvas with a palette knife.  Who knew it would take three decades for oil paint to dry inside large clumps?  As the paint dried, the globs shrank and pulled away from the canvas, not only threatening to come off, but causing cracks and flakes (called “cleavage,” “flaking,” “blistering,” or “scaling”) in the primer (known as “ground”) and flatter areas of paint on the canvas.  I knew that if I didn’t do something, I’d lose the painting.  I was frantic.  I even went so far as to write to the administration of New York’s New School for Social Research (now known simply as The New School), where Carton had exhibited and taught, because on the third floor of the old main building at 5th Avenue and 14th Street (razed in 2010 and replaced in 2014), the school displayed a larger Carton canvas in the same style as my small one.  I asked if they had encountered the same problem and, if so, what they did about it, but I never received an answer.

At the time, my father was a docent at the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery in downtown D.C.  I asked him to use his contacts at the museum to find a conservator who might be able to save Intermezzo and he did, a gallery he and Mom had used for years for framing and evaluations.  In 1987, I ended up paying five times the painting’s purchase price—but a quarter of its estimated value at the time—to stabilize it to prevent further deterioration.  (This incident always reminds me of an anecdote in Sammy Davis, Jr.’s 1965 memoir, Yes, I Can, in which he relates how he’d buy $5 jeans and then spend $20 to have them tailored to his style )  To this day, I don’t regret the expenditure for a New York second.

Other pieces I have are suffering smaller problems and pieces in my parents’ collection are also susceptible to this issue, such as monoprints, one mine and one my parents’, by Sam Gilliam (b. 1933).  Petals and Flowers (both 1989) are three-dimensional constructions of hand-made paper with edges and surfaces that serve as dust-collectors.  Mom and Dad had another work on paper that has a 3D aspect, Stanley Boxer’s (1926-2000) Highfromblare (High From Blare, ca. 1987), enclosed in a Lucite box because they were afraid it would have problems if exposed to airborne grime or inappropriate touching.  (The trade-off for protecting Highfromblare against environmental damage is that the work, which is pretty big at 52½ by 41 inches, is heavy and unwieldy in that plastic box, hard to move and hang.  Ironically, it was one of Mother’s favorite pieces.) 

Artists, of course, aren’t thinking of maintenance or aging years down the road when they start experimenting with new materials and techniques; it’s not really their jobs, after all.  No one had any idea how the innovative and non-traditional media would age.  (This is not the same as the Conceptual Artists who made art with deliberately perishable materials—the rot was part of the “concept.”  It’s also different from Banksey’s self-destructing Girl With Balloon back in October.) 

Difficulties derived from innovative art techniques are not new, of course.  I imagine Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine artists made works that disintegrated, faded, or peeled away before any modern person got to see them; I won’t even speculate about prehistoric cave-painters.  One early example we know about is from the Italian Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci’s famous lost mural, The Battle of Anghiari (1505). 

Commissioned to paint a fresco on a wall in the Hall of the Five Hundred in Florence’s Palazzo Vecchio, da Vinci (1452-1519) used an experimental technique called encausto or “encaustic painting.”  Also known as “hot wax painting,” this is a method of painting in which color agents are added to beeswax.  While the color medium is still warm and soft, it’s applied to a surface—in the case of Battle of Anghiari, a plaster wall.  As the encaustic medium cools, it hardens, setting the colors, but the palazzo hall was so vast that da Vinci set huge braziers to keep the wax soft long enough for him to finish the application before it cooled—but the wax-based pigment basically melted from the heat from the braziers and ran down the plaster, blending all the colors and essentially dissolving the painting before it could even be finished.  All that remained were da Vinci’s original “cartoons,” the drawings of his planned fresco.

Of course, this disaster happened right away.  The subjects of the Hirshhorn’s exhibition only demonstrated their problems years and even decades later (like my little Intermezzo, which showed its deterioration about 30 years after it was painted). That’s the province of today’s conservators, and since the advent of modern art—you can put your own date on that, but in terms of conservation, it has to do with the advent of non-traditional materials and methods used in making art—and especially over the last, say, 45 years, when experimentation took off like a rocket and never-before-imagined media were invented.  Think of acrylic paint, Mylar, new plastics like Lucite, or polyurethane sealants and coatings, among other developments.  (My parents owned a pair of 1972 “sculptures”—that’s what the artist called them—by José Bermudez, 1922-1988, made from old-style copper computer tape.  Who could possibly guess what would become of that?)  There’s also the matter of artists’ using old materials in new ways as well as unconventional substances not previously considered the components of art.  (David Wojnarowicz’s Bread Sculpture, 1988–89, is made out of an actual loaf of bread!)

I’m only going to touch on the issue of ordinary wear and tear—everything ages, of course, and the environment (light, temperature, humidity, and pollutants) takes its toll on practically every substance known to humankind.  I’m not even going to consider the effects of weather and the atmosphere on outdoor art because that’s been a known problem for centuries—perhaps not acid rain or exhaust fumes from internal-combustion engines, but generally speaking.  

Another category of preservation concerns I won’t discuss here is the obsolescence of what conservators call “time-based media,” by which they mean film, video, digital, audio, computer-based, web-based, performance, and installation art.  The problems here don’t just include deterioration of the medium, but also the potentially more devastating matter of the loss of the technological mechanisms for retrieving the art.  (I have several old-fashioned floppy disks that I can no longer read, for example, and even some CD-ROM’s my current computer model can’t access.   There are also VCR tapes and cassette audio tapes, not to mention long-playing record albums the technologies for playing which will soon be unavailable, if they aren’t already.)  

Conservators do have to contend with all these problems and predict similar ones that will come into play in the (very near) future, but I’m going to stick with the base issue of the unpredictable changes in new, experimental media and materials—like the drying of the 30-year-old oil paint in my Norman Carton. 

There are essentially two branches of art conservation.  One,  preventive conservation, devises conditions that mitigate the deterioration and reduce the danger of physical harm from atmospheric action, pest infestation, age, or human interaction (including vandalism) to art on display, in storage, and in transit.  That’s proactive.  If instigated effectively, preventive care reduces the need for restoration and repair efforts.  My parents’ Boxer encased in its Lucite box is an example of preventive conservation; so is an antique Chinese scroll they brought back from the People’s Republic, also  displayed in a Lucite case because of its age—100 to 200 years old—and its innate delicacy. 

The problem of preventive care of art is exacerbated in contemporary artworks because even expert conservators often can’t predict how experimental or innovative media will react to age-old threats.  Effective preventive conservation requires constant vigilance because the threats occur continuously and are cumulative over time.  It also demands coordination by the conservators with other museum employees, such as curators, art handlers, maintenance personnel, building engineers, and protection staff.

Reactive tactics, called  conservation treatment, becomes necessary when preventive care fails or is insufficient.  It involves the cleaning, stabilization, repair, and restoration of art that’s already been damaged by the “agents of deterioration” I named above.  According to the National Park Service Museum Management Program, “conservation treatments are done as a last resort, kept to a minimum, and should be reversible.  This approach reduces the chances of compromising the . . . integrity of objects.” 

An example of conservation treatment is the monumental tapestry Woman (1977) created by Joan Miró (1893-1983) for the atrium of the East Building of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.  Also known as Femme, the 96¼-by-66¾-inch wool-and-cotton tapestry was displayed from 1978, when the I. M. Pei building opened, until 2003, when it was removed for cleaning and a respite from constant exposure to light. 

Preventive conservation is currently considered the preferred way of ensuring preservation of art.  Conservation treatment is inherently risky and generally requires more resources (and, hence, more money) and time.  In past eras, even well-intentioned conservation treatment had adverse impact on pieces of art, doing more harm to the work than no action at all would have.  (Consider, for example, the varnishing of paintings that was a common practice in the 19th and early 20th century, but which eventually darkened and obscured the original vividness of the colors.)  It’s for this reason that modern techniques should be reversible if at all possible, and that preventive care is favored over treatment.  (The NPS museum program advises that, though reversibility is a goal for several reasons, including unsuccessful application, “no treatment is completely reversible” and that “some cannot be reversed at all.”)

Sometimes conservation treatment isn’t initiated in order to reverse or repair damage but to enhance a work of art for effective display.  For instance, a metal vase which has an incised design can be cleaned so that the markings are revealed more perceptibly.  My parents’ collection includes an untitled tapestry (#20, ca. 1971) by Victor Vasarely (1906-1997), one of my favorite pieces in the collection.  The problem is, the op-art piece was sold as a rug and my folks planned to hang it on a wall.  A suitable hanging bracket which could support the 64-by-65-inch wool square had to be devised and fastened to the back of the artwork so that it not only would hang straight and flat, but would be securely mounted where my parents wanted to position it.

Both of these conservation strains start with research into the techniques and materials artists use to create their art, to analyze them and determine their properties with an eye on preserving the art for perpetuity.  (A side benefit of such study is that we sometimes gain new understanding of the artworks’ meanings, their context within the artists’ bodies of work and creative careers, and the creators’ artistic processes.)  Much of this analysis is science-based, using all kinds of technology, such as x-rays, infrared and ultraviolet light, photomicrography (photographs taken through a magnifier), and scanners, but sometimes the conservators also have to take a more metaphysical view of their goal, deciding how much change from age and exposure the artist might agree to and how much the public might accept and still appreciate the work. 

No work of art remains pristine, of course; just like us, everything humans create ages.  Are the consequences of that aging part of the work’s innate quality, like the patination of a bronze sculpture, or are they something that should be halted and even reversed?  If the latter, conservators often have to develop individualized means of cleaning and restoring artworks to avoid causing unforeseen harm to the materials in use.  With experimental media, this often requires discovering or inventing new and improved cleaning products that are compatible with the art materials in use which the conservators may never have encountered before. 

Testing and experimentation are often necessary, but that’s also a fraught process.  Art objects are unique—a conservator can’t very well try out a cleaning solution on one sample and then move on to another, like  testing a cutting from a bolt of cloth before using a process on the dress made from that material.  You could end up with a ruined painting or collage.  Knowing the materials used by the artist can be a vital step in the conservation treatment.  It’s more like cutting a diamond—there’s a lot of studying before any irreversible step is taken.  

Conservators gain insight either by analysis of the art object or related work, or from the creator’s input, including information directly from the artist (or the studio or foundry that made the piece under the artist’s supervision), notes, diaries, published interviews,  and other documentary sources.  Vincent van Gogh’s letters from Arles to his brother Theo, for example, often included detailed descriptions (and sketches) of paintings on which he was working, including the specific colors he was using for various images.  The National Gallery made a video of the creation of Woman, the Miró tapestry I wrote of earlier, with considerable detail about how it was woven and the fabrics used.  (It’s even available on line on a number of sites.)

Still, even with an nth degree of care and planning, there’s still the almost-unavoidable chance that even a simple surface cleaning will alter the painting, tapestry, or sculpture.  The sole guiding principle for conservators is to maintain the artists’ creative vision for the works—but how can they know that with any certainty, especially for deceased artists?  A byproduct of the analytical study of the piece of art and the artist her- or himself can help here, but it’s still something of a SWAG—a “scientific, wild-ass guess.” 

(What can also happen is that, when cleaned and restored, a painting will seem so different from what viewers had become used to, with brighter, more vibrant colors, that they are shocked, even to the point of vocal protests—even though the resulting artwork is what the artist had created, or nearly so.  This phenomenon has occasionally occurred with restored paintings from the Renaissance or Middle Ages that had collected centuries of grime and atmospheric pollution. 

(In 2017, after a restoration project of eight years and $18½ million that had been intended to return it to its 13th-century appearance, the Chartres Cathedral looked so different from what modern visitors had come to expect of a Gothic church that art historians and architecture critics denounced the results.  Many experts argued that the patina of filth should have been left on the walls to retain the “authentic” Gothic ambiance and stand as a testament to history.  The restorers and their supporters, as you’d expect, contended that they had recreated the original architects’ vision.  Of course, no one’s around from 1220 to attest to their accuracy—or deny it.)

Some alterations from time, use, or wear is deemed to be part of an artwork and while stabilization may be warranted, preventing the piece from deteriorating further, restoration or repair isn’t desirable.  Objects made for everyday use, rather than for pure aesthetic appreciation, are frequently of this type once they’re removed from regular use.  Among the art I have are a number of African pieces, including a carved wooden twin figure from the Yoruba people of Nigeria.  Twins are revered among the Yoruba and  when a twin dies, a figure is carved to represent its spirit,  The carving is ritually painted and decorated by the family and the figure I have still bears remnants of blue paint, but it would be inappropriate to restore the wooden figure to the pristine appearance the carver created before the family decorated it.

The basic principles and processes for conserving art are the same now as they have always been, but the pace of experimentation with materials and methods has challenged art conservators and exhibitors when it comes to keeping the art accessible, substantially unchanged, and exciting for art lovers in perpetuity—or as close to that as we can humanly come.  As artists come up with new ways to make art and new media out of which to make it, people who love art and want to preserve it for the enjoyment and enlightenment of generations to come will continuously have to come up with new ways of conserving the artists’ creations.

Banksey, of course, notwithstanding.

06 December 2018

The NASA Art Program


[On 1 December, I posted a couple of articles on Orbital Reflector, a huge sculpture created by artist Trevor Paglen that is currently orbiting the Earth (see “Sculpture In Space”).  That’s the first piece of art created for display in space (it will disintegrate in our atmosphere before it reaches Earth after circling the globe for about three months, so it will never be seen here below), but the National Air and Space Administration, better known as NASA, founded in 1958, has had a program soliciting artists to create art about space and space exploration since 1962.  Here are two articles about that program, which you will see has enlisted some very well-known artists to its endeavors.  I just recently learned of this match-up of art and technology, and the pairing fascinated me.  ~Rick]

NASA AND THE ARTS
by Bert Ulrich

On first consideration, the concept of NASA commissioning pieces of art may seem far-fetched. However, reflecting the tradition of the military’s art programs, NASA began commissioning artists to document and capture on canvas the drama of its missions. The catalyst behind NASA leaving an artistic legacy was NASA Administrator James Webb. Upon seeing a deftly executed portrait of Alan Shepard, Webb came up with the idea of an arts program. Webb felt that NASA should actively seek out artists to show a different side of the space agency, reflecting that “Important events can be interpreted by artists to give a unique insight into significant aspects of our history-making advances into space. An artistic record of this nation’s program of space exploration will have great value for future generations and may make a significant contribution to the history of American art.”

A NASA art commission was modest, a mere $800, but artists were not motivated by the financial gains but rather at the prospect of witnessing American history and documenting it. They were also given free reign to create works of art. NASA was not going to dictate a certain style as was the case of socialist realism of the Soviet Union. In fact, artists interested in participating in the program were quite a diverse group, ranging from the avant garde Robert Rauschenberg to the figurative Norman Rockwell. Rauschenberg created works for various launches, including Apollo 11 and the first space shuttle launch. Rockwell visited NASA centers and was even loaned a real space suit to create works, which would be displayed in Look magazine.

The first group of NASA artists traveled to the Kennedy Space Center, Fla., in 1963 to witness the last Mercury launch, transporting Gordon Cooper on orbit. Artists commissioned included Peter Hurd, George Weymouth, Paul Calle, Robert McCall, Robert Shore, Lamar Dodd and John McCoy. Mitchell Jamieson was assigned to a recovery ship to artistically document splashdown and landing operations. Although NASA staff needed to get used to artists being around, after a while they welcomed them into the NASA community, which afforded the artists amazing access, including suit-up activities. Artist Peter Hurd reflected on the whole experience: “For the next five days, we painters, seven in all, roamed the Cape, sometimes with guides, sometimes by ourselves. We had been invited … to make notes, sketches and paintings … to form an archive of potential historical value. I am certain that I speak for all when I say we were, each of us, tremendously stirred and often awed, by the things we saw and heard during those five crowded days.”

The works created from Cooper’s mission were incorporated into an exhibition at the National Gallery of Art in 1965. Art Critic Frank Getlein who reviewed the exhibition for the Washington Star wrote, “‘Eyewitness to Space’ is the collective name of 70 paintings and drawings produced by 15 artists under the NASA Art Program, now 2 years old. The work shows total freedom and a wide variety, ranging from the superb illustrationist’s style of Paul Calle to the highly individual abstraction of Washington artist Alfred McAdams.” The success of the first exhibition led to a second exhibition of NASA art at the National Gallery in 1969 following Apollo 11. However, as the Apollo program drew to a close in the 1970s, fewer commissions took place, which coincided with the lull of missions between Apollo and the shuttle. James Dean arranged for a transfer of NASA commissioned works to the National Air and Space Museum to protect the collection. It wasn’t until the inauguration of the space shuttle that the program took on a new momentum under the direction of Robert Schulman. Schulman’s commissions embraced a number of subjects, but mostly focused on the space shuttle.

In the 1990s the program was turned over to Bert Ulrich, who was tasked by Administrator Dan Goldin to embrace new art forms. Works included video art by Nam June Paik, an Ode to NASA by Ray Bradbury, and photography by Annie Leibovitz. Patti LaBelle performed a song commissioned by NASA that would eventually be nominated for a grammy. The song “Way Up There” became an elegy for the lost crew of space shuttle Columbia. Works have been commissioned on subjects ranging from Mars probes to the Hubble Space Telescope. Newly commissioned works started to attract the attention of museums like the Pompidou Center in Paris; the Hirshhorn Museum and the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington, D.C.; and the Guggenheim, New York, N.Y.; which all exhibited NASA commissioned works. For NASA’s 50th anniversary, the Smithsonian is collaborating with NASA and the National Air and Space Museum to create a traveling exhibit of NASA art, which will run until 2010.

Today, the art program has been scaled back, but commissions have continued for a modest honorarium of $2,500. The collection currently comprises of some 3,000 works divided between the National Air and Space Museum and NASA. They still share something new with the public, and tell NASA’s story in a unique way. They also provide a historical record. After all, what often is left over of great ages in history is art. As Lester Cooke, one of the NASA art program’s original founders, wrote, “I hope that future generations will realize that we have not only scientists and engineers capable of shaping the destiny of our age, but also artists worthy to keep them company.”

[This undated (ca. 2008) article was originally posted on the NASA website (https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/arts.html).  The site contains some samples of the NASA art.  Bert Ulrich has been the Multimedia Liaison for  Film and TV Collaborations at NASA since 2005.]

*  *  *  *
ANDY WARHOL, ANNIE LEIBOVITZ, NORMAN ROCKWELL FEATURED IN NASA | ART”
by Arcynta Ali Childs

These famous artists and many others are among those with works in the Air and Space Museum’s newest art exhibit

When you think about the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), art may not be the first, or even the second, thing that comes to mind.  A new traveling exhibition, “NASA | ART: 50 Years of Space Exploration,” on display at the Air and Space Museum from May 28 to October 9, just may change that.

The NASA | ART project was established in 1962 by NASA administrator James E. Webb. Its mission was simple—commission artwork that captured the essence of what the agency and the space program were all about, in ways that photographs simply could not, says Tom Crouch, senior curator of aeronautics and art at the museum.

Mercury Astronaut Gordon Cooper’s 1963 Faith 7 spacecraft launch, depicted in Mitchell Jamieson’s First Steps, marked the first time that an artist was sent to a space event. The program, initially launched by James Dean, still continues today, under the leadership of Burt Ulrich, the program’s curator at NASA Headquarters.

Dean helped select more than 70 works of art, including drawings, photographs, sculpture and other artistic renderings “that would both represent the NASA | ART collection as it was and is and celebrate the 50 year history of the agency,” Crouch says.

The collection, arranged chronologically, takes viewers through an exploration of space—from Mercury to Apollo to Gemini, to the space shuttle, aeronautics and beyond—as told from the perspective of artists including Annie Leibovitz, Alexander Calder, Norman Rockwell and Andy Warhol, among others.

“Artists are given this sort of back door view of what NASA’s all about and what’s nice is that they can share that experience through their own imagination to the public,” Ulrich says. “It really took a lot of foresight, I think, for James Webb who started the program. I think he had this idea that through the great ages of history, art is often the residue of that and it’s such a wonderful way of looking back at history.” In addition to depicting the people, places and great events that viewers already know, the artists also introduce viewers to other astronauts and aspects of space exploration they may not.

Native American artist Jaune Quick-to-See Smith uses various aspects of Native American symbolism in her painting Indian Science, which honors the first Native American astronaut John Bennett Herrington. Annie Leibovitz’s photograph entitled Eileen Collins captures the first female pilot (Discovery, 1995) and the first female commander of a space shuttle (Columbia, 1999) during training at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Artist and fashion designer Stephen Sprouse (1953-2004) used imagery from the Sojourner Rover to create a work of art that was essentially a dress and a pair of slippers. The piece called NASA Rover Mars Pink, carried an additional twist. With a pair of 3-D glasses, the dress took on a whole new dimension. The designer debuted it in a line of clothing he showed at NYC fashion week in 2000.

Towards the end of the exhibition, artists commemorate the astronauts from the Columbia and Challenger missions in “Remembering Lost Crews.” Artist Chakaia Booker uses pieces of a space shuttle tire donated to her by NASA to create a sculpture, Columbia Tribute, which resembles a black star, hanging on the wall above the gallery.

The final piece, though, is an unexpected musical composition written by Terry Riley with a multimedia component designed by Willie Williams, and called “Sun Rings.” Performed by the Kronos Quartet, the piece incorporates actual sounds of space—radio waves from the far reaches of the universe converted into sound waves.

“The whole exhibit is the arrogance of man’s imagination,” says Nichelle Nichols, the actress who played Lt. Uhura on “Star Trek” and who later worked for NASA in the 1970s and 80s recruiting women and minorities to the space program. “I realize what a powerful word that is, it’s not negative,” she continues. “This is what all the art is—to imagine what it is that takes us from ground zero to as far as the imagination can take you and then beyond; an incredible collection.”

[This article initially appeared in Smithsonian magazine on 31 May 2011.

[NASA | ART: 50 Years of Space Exploration was on display at the Smithsonian’ National Air & Space Museum in Washington, D.C., from 28 May to 9 October 2011. The museum is open daily (except December 25)  from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.  See https://airandspace.si.edu for more details.

[Arcynta Ali Childs was awarded journalism fellowships from the New York Times Student Journalism Institute, the National Press Foundation, the Poynter Institute and the Village Voice. She also has worked at Ms. magazine, O, and Smithsonian.]

01 December 2018

Sculpture In Space


[I’d never heard of artist (and author and geographer) Trevor Paglen until I was watching the NBC Nightly News on Monday evening, 24 November.  Anchorman Lester Holt introduced a story about a huge sculpture Paglen planned to create and then launch into orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, on Sunday, 2 December, co-created with the Nevada Museum of Art in Reno.  Orbital Reflector, a 30-meter-long (about 98 feet) mylar obelisk, will reflect the light of the sun and be visible from Earth.  The first satellite that’s purely an artistic object, Orbital Reflector will circle our planet for about three months and then reenter Earth’s atmosphere and disintegrate.  I was so fascinated with this confluence of aesthetics and technology, art and space, that I looked up some other articles on the project.  (There are many, as you might imagine.)  Here are two, one from NBC News and the other from the PBS NewsHour.  Following the NBC report, I’ve posted the promo blurb and link for the Nightly News report I watched.  (There was no transcript for the broadcast, but the link includes a video of the report).

ARTIST’S ARTIFICIAL ‘STAR’ WILL TAKE PUBLIC ART TO NEW HEIGHTS
by Denise Chow

[This report aired on NBC News on Wednesday morning, 22 August 2018.]

The light-reflecting balloon will look like a star moving slowly across the night sky.

In 2008, Trevor Paglen picked up the phone and started calling around to see if he could drum up support for his latest idea.

The Berlin-based artist wanted to put into low-Earth orbit a big, shiny object that from the ground below would look like a star moving slowly across the night sky. It would be a work that interprets aerospace engineering as an art form, he said, a satellite without military, commercial or scientific value.

Now, 10 years later, Paglen is about to realize that dream.

In mid-November, a brick-sized cubesat containing his “neo-minimalist sculpture” — an arrow-shaped polyethylene balloon coated with highly reflective titanium dioxide — will go into space aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

Once the cubesat is in a stable orbit about 360 miles above Earth, the balloon — dubbed Orbital Reflector — will be released; a carbon dioxide cartridge will inflate it to its full 100-foot-long size, or about the dimensions of two school buses parked end to end.

The artwork will circle Earth once every 94 minutes, appearing about as bright as one of the stars in the Big Dipper. “As it catches sunlight, it’ll reflect that down to Earth,” Paglen said. “Within a day of launching, you should be able to see it.”

Orbital Reflector is designed to remain in its orbital perch for three months. Eventually, Earth’s gravity will tug its orbit so low that it hits the atmosphere and burns up harmlessly.

Though the idea for Orbital Reflector was his alone, Paglen had some help along the way. The balloon was made by Global Western, a Colorado-based aerospace firm, and the Nevada Museum of Art helped provide funding for the $1.3-million project.

The museum’s Kickstarter campaign raised more than $76,000 last year, with the rest of the money coming from various sponsors, according to museum spokesperson Amanda Horn.

“This is a romantic gesture in the night sky — a satellite that exists purely as art,” Horn said. “It enables us through the lens of art to imagine, even just for a moment, a different future for spaceflight, to think of the past in a different way, where spaceflight was driven by bigger questions like who are we, and where do we come from?”

The museum plans to create a website that people can use to track Orbital Reflector so they’ll know where and when to look for it. Paglen said he will travel to museums around the world to host “star parties,” adding that Orbital Reflector will reflect not just light but humanity’s penchant for gazing at the heavens.

“This is something that humans have done for tens of thousands of years,” Paglen said. “We look at the sky as a way to try to see ourselves — whether that’s seeing ourselves in constellations or whether that’s trying to see our own origins by looking at the depths of space through something like the Hubble Space Telescope. I think that the history of humans looking to the sky is a history of us looking at ourselves and, for me, this project is a gesture in that direction.”

*  *  *  *
SCULPTURE DESTINED FOR SPACE SPARKS DEBATE AMONG ASTRONOMERS

Artist Trevor Paglen designed his “Orbital Reflector” to raise questions about what’s sent into space and by whom. With around 1,700 spacecraft currently orbiting the earth along with hundreds of millions of pieces of space debris, astronomers like Jackie Faherty, who’s an astrophysicist with the American Museum of Natural History, are skeptical about the sculpture’s impact on space and on their work.

NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt, 24 November 2018

*  *  *  *
IN A WORLD FULL OF SURVEILLANCE, ARTIST TREVOR PAGLEN STARES BACK
by Jeffrey Brown

[Jeffrey Brown’s interview was broadcast on the PBS NewsHour on Friday evening, 10 August 2018.]

When artist Trevor Paglen looks up at the night sky, there’s beauty and wonder, but also a planet completely transformed by humans into a “landscape of surveillance.” His new exhibition at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, “Sites Unseen,” offers a new way to look at very familiar landscapes. Jeffrey Brown reports on Paglen’s latest obsession: how artificial intelligence is reshaping imagery.

WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Finally tonight: With heightened attention being given to surveillance and spying, Jeffrey Brown takes a look at an artist whose landscapes often contain more than meets the eye.

JEFFREY BROWN: What do you see when you look up at the night sky? For Trevor Paglen, there’s beauty and wonder, but something more.

TREVOR PAGLEN:
I see a planet that has been completely transformed by the humans, and transformed in particular kinds of ways, looking at who is putting things in space, for what reason.

JEFFREY BROWN: Paglen is an artist showing us what he calls a landscape of surveillance, satellites orbiting the planet. Military installations off the grid. Cables under the sea.

Intelligence and information gathering hidden in plain sight, like a tiny dot in a gorgeous photo of the Nevada sky that turns out to be a drone.

His new exhibition at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington is called “Sites Unseen.”

TREVOR PAGLEN: What we see is mostly very familiar landscapes, but we also see a lot of very unfamiliar landscapes that we don’t recognize as such.

Learning how to see the environments that we live in, learning how to see the moment in history we live in. And I actually think that’s a lot harder to do than we imagine it.

JEFFREY BROWN: We’re seeing it, but you’re saying we’re not seeing it.

TREVOR PAGLEN: That’s what I mean by “Sites Unseen.” We’re seeing it, but we’re not recognizing it.

JEFFREY BROWN: Paglen combines elements of photography, science, and investigative journalism. He has a Ph.D in geography, as well as a master’s in art.

And his work, exhibited in galleries and museums worldwide, won him a MacArthur Fellowship, the so-called Genius Award, in 2017. He sees himself in a long line of landscape artists, and sometimes makes direct connections to photographers such as Ansel Adams, for example, in this Yosemite scene.

But, in Paglen’s image, the movements of satellites show up in the sky overhead.

TREVOR PAGLEN: You’re having a conversation when you’re an artist with all the people that are alive today, but you’re also having a conversation with your ancestors. How did they see it in their moment in time? How do we see it in our moment in time?

JEFFREY BROWN: And how much can we see? Paglen took these photographs of military installations in the West from as many as 50 miles away, using telescopic lenses. He breaks no security or trespassing laws. Heat waves create a distortion effect he likes.

TREVOR PAGLEN: You’re looking through so much heat and so much haze, that the light itself is falling apart, the image itself is falling apart. And, for me, that becomes a kind of metaphor.

You know, what do we actually learn from looking at images? What do images tell us, and what do they obscure?

And I want make images that have that tension within them, that don’t obviously reveal themselves in one way.

JEFFREY BROWN: Sometimes, the tension isn’t obvious at all, like this seemingly prosaic Long Island beach scene.

TREVOR PAGLEN: The photograph is a little bit of a trick, in the sense that there is no evidence of the thing I’m actually trying to photograph in the image. You cannot see the thing.

JEFFREY BROWN: The thing is underwater. This is where transatlantic fiberoptic cables come ashore.

Paglen and his colleagues studied telecom maps and ocean currents, and learned to scuba dive to take these photographs of what he calls the infrastructure of the Internet, the information flow that can be swept up by surveillance efforts, and all out of sight of the beachgoers.

Do you want these people at the beach, who could be any of us, to know what’s going while they’re enjoying their day at the beach?

TREVOR PAGLEN: Yes, yes, sure.

While they are enjoying their day at the beach, I don’t really care what they think about. But I think that, as a culture, yes, we should be paying attention to what’s going on. We should be paying attention to the things that are shaping what the rest of our lives are going to be like and what our children’s lives are going to be like.

JEFFREY BROWN: Paglen loves to collect the odd code names and emblems attached to thousands of secret programs. They, too, become part of his art.

He’s worked often with investigative journalists. His footage of NSA bases was included in “Citizenfour,” Laura Poitras’ documentary about Edward Snowden. But he doesn’t consider himself an activist with a political agenda.

TREVOR PAGLEN: If I say, I think we should pay attention to Google as an institution, and that we should really think about whether or not we want to have that sort of power concentrated in a particular company, corporations with that sort of influence, how do we want them to exist, is that an activist proposition?

Not really, in the sense that you’re not proposing something that we’re going to do about it. But perhaps it’s activist, in the sense that you’re saying, this is something I think should be on our kind of social agenda to look at.

JEFFREY BROWN: His latest obsession, how artificial intelligence is reshaping the world of imagery, with machines increasingly making those images to be read, decoded and used by other machines, including facial recognition algorithms.

And Paglen has one more out-of-this-world idea coming soon. He’s designed his own satellite, but one unlike those he documents.

TREVOR PAGLEN: The idea is to build a satellite that has no military, scientific, or commercial value. Can we build a satellite that is a work of art?

JEFFREY BROWN: This orb-like sculpture in the exhibition is an early model. The actual piece will be diamond-shaped, and reflect sunlight back to Earth, moving through the sky like a new star.

You’re a guy who’s been looking at all these things up in the sky.

TREVOR PAGLEN: Yes.

JEFFREY BROWN: You had a desire to put your own thing there?

TREVOR PAGLEN: Yes. I mean . . .

JEFFREY BROWN: Yes?

TREVOR PAGLEN: No, I try to — when I look at infrastructures, and I look at the kind of political stuff that’s built into our environments, I try to imagine, what would the opposite of that be?

Could we imagine if space was for art? What would that be? And then I’m kind of ridiculous enough where like, OK, let’s get busy, let’s do that.

(LAUGHTER)

JEFFREY BROWN: The Orbital Reflector, a project with the Nevada Museum of Art, is expected to be launched this fall on a SpaceX rocket. It will be visible in the sky for several months before burning out.

For the PBS NewsHour, I’m Jeffrey Brown at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington.