Showing posts with label Hollywood. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hollywood. Show all posts

20 June 2026

Steven Spielberg, "Hollywood Director"

 

[According to writer Wesley Morris, prolific filmmaker Steven Spielberg (58 movies as director, 184 as producer over 67 years) is “most people’s dictionary definition of ‘Hollywood director.’”  In the article below, the writer and culture critic makes his case for the accolade.  There’s no doubt that Spielberg has made some of most popular movies of our time, many of them truly iconic.  Read what Morris has to say are Spielberg’s superpowers, the magic he wields to make his movies touch us so indelibly.’ 

THE BELIEVER
by Wesley Morris 

[This profile of master film director Steven Spielberg ran in the New York Times Magazine of 7 June 2026.  On the same date, it was posted as “What Steven Spielberg Taught Me About Fear, Catharsis, and Being Human” on the paper’s website.]

Hollywood is struggling, but Steven Spielberg insists that the big screen is still the best place to work out our collective dreams, fears, joys and sorrows.

On Jan. 1, something amazing happened. Steven Spielberg [b. 1946], a longtime Angeleno and most people’s dictionary definition of “Hollywood director,” became a New York City resident. On the one hand, this is a significant event. What classic Spielberg location requires a 212 or 718 or 646 to phone home? On the other hand, he has made five of his last six movies in New York State [see IMDb], including his exuberant, ominous reconsideration of “West Side Story” [2021]. Plus, for decades, Spielberg has kept a place on the Upper West Side. Five of his seven children live here, and all six of his grandchildren. So yeah: no big whoop. It was simply time. But to a New Yorker, this is a meaningful move: as if Magic Johnson had spent the rest of his career playing at the Garden.

[Earvin “Magic” Johnson, Jr. (b. 1959), is a businessman and former professional basketball player, widely regarded as one of the greatest in history. He spent his entire career with the Los Angeles Lakers.]

And Spielberg is still playing. He turns 80 in December. The signs of wear and tear of a half-century of moviemaking are discreet. He uses a barely-there hearing aid, and his gait is a tad slower than maybe he’d like. He has become an insole guy. (“I’m on my feet as a director my whole life. My feet have gotten as flat as a pancake.”) The mellower pace of Los Angeles suits his temperament. He’s voluble, yet reserved. In a five-way conversation, he’ll do as much listening as speaking. He wants to hear what’s going on with everybody around him.

But here, in Spielberg’s New York era, his zest for everything has kicked up a notch. Invite him out, he’ll show up — for dinners and openings, for one of the farewell episodes [19 May 2026] of “The Late Show With Stephen Colbert.” Until Colbert [he also appeared on 2 and 9 March 2023], he hadn’t done late-night television since the end of the 1970s. At one point, he brought the house down. “I made a couple of jokes,” he marveled the next day, smiling with the sort of bashfulness that obscures most of his teeth. He has more true friends now than he used to. He would even schlep his Lakers-loving self to a Knicks game, but only “if Spike Lee [b. 1957; filmmaker and actor] takes me.”

“Suggestible” might be too mild for where Spielberg is right now. “Open,” “ready” — those seem closer. “Adaptable.” Willing to adjust a plan in order to experience someone else’s preference. One evening at dinner, he was all set to order the salmon when I told him I was having a calf’s liver. His eyes widened behind his glasses. “Fuck the salmon!” He enjoys some funk when he eats. “I kind of like food that reminds me of what I just ate,” he said, with not a little bit of delight. “I want food that reminds me, five minutes later, before I contaminate the taste with something else.” He then ventriloquized the food: “I hope you enjoyed me, because I’m going to linger!”

Later that night, he and I were sitting at the Lyceum Theater, waiting for Maya Rudolph [b. 1972; actress and comedian] to make her Broadway debut in “Oh, Mary!” [Lyceum Theatre, 11 July 2024-present; Rudolph: 28 April-5 July 2026] when he turned to me and said: “I really want to do theater. I really do.” He said this the way a kid might announce how bad he needs to pee. “I want to direct something. I don’t know what it is yet, but I’ve had this yearning.” Afterward, at a cozy, wholehearted welcome party for Rudolph, Spielberg grew wistful over the outpouring of support, the hooting and the adulation. “This never happens in film — only in theater,” he said above all the cheering. He didn’t mean for him (rooms ovate Spielberg all the time). He was moved by the utter earnestness of theater-community camaraderie, of people eagerly gathered to celebrate what they’d just made. His eyes were wide again. “This is infectious,” he kept saying.

Lest anybody worry, Spielberg’s appetite for filmmaking remains hardy. His 35th movie, an aliens-are-among-us action-thriller called “Disclosure Day,” opens June 12. And that thirst for connection runs beneath the movie. He has made a propulsive, lean-mean conspiracy machine that’s funny, intriguing and suspenseful — but it also concerns our alienation from something Spielberg is certain we desperately need more than ever: collective catharsis, the sort you come by at the movies.

Lately, the idea of a Steven Spielberg has felt endangered. For more than 50 years, his imagery has epitomized American movies, maybe even epitomized America [his debut film was The Last Gun1959]. He has been at the center of an industry that, if it’s not dying, is certainly diminished. The sort of original movies that made Spielberg Spielberg are virtually nonexistent, even though the two major flavors that now define the industry — global box-office smash and best picture nominee — are, with Spielberg, indistinguishable (start with “Jaws” [1975], “Raiders of the Lost Ark” [1981], “E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial” [1982]). More than once, he inhabited both modes within one calendar year: “Jurassic Park” in the summer of 1993 [grossed $47 million domestically in its opening weekend, then the biggest opening weekend gross in history], for instance, then “Schindler’s List” at the end of Hanukkah [without adjusting for inflation, this is the highest-grossing black-and-white film of all time (taking in $96 million domestically and $321 million worldwide)], perhaps the most triumphant single-year change-up any Hollywood director has had. (He’s still the most commercially successful director ever, and he’s tied, at 13, with William Wyler [1902-81; German-born American film director and producer] for directing the most best picture Oscar nominees.)

[Spielberg has received 14 Academy Award nominations for Best Picture, setting the all-time record for the most nominations in that category. He won the Best Picture award once, for 1993’s Schindler’s List. Of his 14 Best Picture nominations, he directed 11 of the films and just produced 3 of them. (That would still be the record for Best Picture nominations; in any case, according to Academy rules, the Best Picture Oscar is awarded to the producers of the film, not the director.)

[Spielberg also directed Jaws (1975) and Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), which were nominated for Best Picture, but because of the Academy rules at the time regarding who received the credit, he wasn’t personally named a nominee for those two films. (In the 1970s and ’80s, the Academy nominated the film itself for Best Picture rather than naming specific individuals on the ballot. If the movie won, the studio designated which producers accepted the statuette. Because Spielberg didn’t hold a producer credit on either movie, he was never an official Best Picture nominee.)]

Popular art has always bonded us to one another, no matter what might have been cleaving us apart, no matter how different our lives or how our responses to that art diverged. And Spielberg’s films have been a premium adhesive. Not only the ones he directed but the dozens of swooshing, indelibly kooky hits unleashed by Amblin Entertainment, his production company [eight of Amblin’s films were nominated for Best Picture Oscars, including the winning Schindler’s List.]: “Poltergeist” [1982], “Gremlins” [1984], “The Goonies” [1985], the “Back to the Future” trilogy [1985, 1989, 1990], “Who Framed Roger Rabbit” [1988], “Arachnophobia” [1990].

Spielberg’s stardom arose from the collision of capitalism, audacity and creative vision. His movies emerged alongside the arrival of cable television and proliferating advances in personal computing and home entertainment. I watched “E.T.” at the movies, devoured it on cable, played it on my Atari and let Michael Jackson [1958-2009; pop singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist] sing me a lullaby the movie inspired him to write [“Someone in the Dark” (1982)]. (Spielberg: so titanic that the other king of pop worshiped his thrillers. [Thriller is a 1982 Michael Jackson album and “Thriller” is a 1983 single from the album.])

But a kind of cultural malnourishment has set in. While you once needed a pair of hands to count the major studios, we’re on the verge of barely needing one. And the best, most lucrative ideas entail microwaved nostalgia that we all know by its legal nickname: I.P. [Intellectual Property]. The takeovers and reheating, the obscure metrics that ensure we never quite know exactly how popular anything is, it’s dispiriting: Pac-Man eating ghosts, algorithms keeping secrets.

When movies play in only a handful of theaters to qualify for awards, and increasingly millions of us watch them on our phones, “that is not my definition of a motion-picture experience,” Spielberg told me. For that, he said, you need “an audience to be the accelerant of that experience, to be the contagion of making the experience even more profound for the individual in that crowded theater — or what we hope is a crowded theater.” Obviously, streaming changes that experience, denying us the companionship of hundreds of strangers either confirming or causing us to question our humor, our tastes, our responses.

This is to say that what Steven Spielberg symbolizes, what he built in Hollywood and in our hearts, could be reaching its twilight. He is touched by our appreciation for all that he has come to mean to us. At that “Oh, Mary!” cast party, a stocky, ebullient woman approached and asked if she could show Spielberg the “Jaws” tattoo beautifying her calf. Of course she could. And even though Spielberg estimates that he has seen 30 of these since “Jaws” came out in 1975 (plus dozens of other tattoos inspired by his movies), he listened and marveled as though hers was his very first. Earlier, on the corner of 45th Street and Eighth Avenue, a young, fit guy with a blond ponytail sitting on a construction barrier looked up and said, with biblical concision, “Thank you.”

It was a “thank you” that contained so much. As I interpreted it, thank you for your vision, your imagination, your ingenuity, acuity, spirit and nerve. Thank you for “All my life I had to fight” [Sofia in The Color Purple (1985; Oprah Winfrey [b. 1954])] and “You’re gonna need a bigger boat” [Jaws; Police Chief Martin Brody (Roy Scheider [1932-2008])], for every single caftan you let wear Meryl Streep [b. 1949] in “The Post” [2017]. Thank you for more than 50 years of unflagging energy and unshakable belief that we human beings are worth the trouble. But the gratitude was tinged with sorrow. “Thank you” for daring and caring and trying to show us the light, to keep the lights on, as the artistic system you worshiped and symbolized and helped redefine renounces itself.

But he’s not thinking of his career or his meaning that way. He’s going to keep on keeping on. As you read this, he’s getting ready to make his first western.

Spielberg has always known how to reach us, how to reach into us. The first time he reached inside me, I was 6.

My mother took my sister and me to see “E.T.,” and I was besotted. This space alien that had been taken in and cared for by Elliott, Gertie and Mike, whose capacity for love glowed like lava in his chest, who just wants to return home. I got it all. When E.T. goes missing and Mike goes looking for him on his bike and discovers the poor thing passed out in a ravine, I understood, for the first time, the porous border between the screen and the rest of the world. I wasn’t in a movie theater anymore. I was at a funeral. I went, in escalating stages, from sobbing to weeping to bawling. The theater was packed. The bawling was probably a real disturbance. My mother leaned over and asked if I wanted to go home, and I have a clear memory of saying, with a sharpness that she later described as “appalled”: No.

I was having my first art attack. And Steven Spielberg induced it.

I’ve done my share of blubbering at other people’s movies. But crying at my first Spielberg was primal. By the end, as Elliott and E.T. are aloft on a bike, framed by the moon, soaring as much on John Williams’s [b. 1932] score as on air, the waterworks had revved up anew. But now I was crying tears of joy. I was experiencing what I can only describe as the Spielberg rinse: a full-cycle emotional power wash.

A rinse can occur when you least expect it. Take “West Side Story.” The minute Ariana DeBose [b. 1991] begins her assault on the asphalt of 68th and Broadway in the “America” number, I lost it. I was sure this was the most exhilarating musical sequence I’d ever seen. For the whole number, DeBose is a firework that whirs and whirs and never seems to extinguish: limbs and shoulders and hips, but also the yolk-yellow of her skirt and its scarlet underskirt. So how did Spielberg rinse me here? Let’s start with the controlled rush of imagery. The camera and editing are savoring every shot, but they’re also doing their own dance. The movie came out when we were still pandemic-skittish. I hadn’t been out dancing with strangers in a long time. And all that vigorously precise motion, presented from head to toe, summoned the desperation I’d been feeling for dancing I could not do.

I cried because here was incontrovertible proof that Spielberg, who was in his mid-70s when the movie came out, still had gusto to go for, gusto to burn. And then there was this: I was horny. One turns to Spielberg for many things, but the erogenous hadn’t been one of them. And yet he’d managed to serve us a number that, visually, is nothing but sex.

A Spielberg works in other modes, too. Take wonder. He has a shot for that. Often our heroine or hero gets a load of something — no, no, they witness it, they behold it. And what they’re seeing they can’t believe. The camera will often swing around to capture this moment of awe. Richard Dreyfuss [b. 1947] awaiting rapture at the end of “Close Encounters of the Third Kind” [1977]. Whoopi Goldberg’s [b. 1955] Celie agog as her long-lost family returns to her in “The Color Purple.” Laura Dern [b. 1967], dumbfounded at the sight of a dinosaur in “Jurassic Park,” rising from her Jeep so automatically that she’s all but levitating. These are just a few of the protagonists; agape bit players could stock their own hourlong montage.

Crucially, this is a career spent harnessing that wonder to peer into childhood’s recesses. Light happens to be a major Spielberg motif — flashlights and spotlights and searchlights and floodlights and headlights; the sun, the moon. Projector stand-ins, perhaps. But also evidence that something is being detected, ferreted out, sometimes found. His movies understand that anything could happen to a kid, so almost everything does — divorce, dinosaurs, dinosaurs during a divorce, assault, abandonment, adulthood. I’ve always thought about that moment in “Close Encounters” when a son sits at the dinner table and weeps as he watches his father tearfully play with his food; the upside-downness of what he’s witnessing embarrasses him, but it’s also breaking his heart. Spielberg has always known that his movies are attempts to understand his boyhood and his parents, to try to heal them through fiction and illuminate parts of himself.

“For years, I was working out my mom and dad’s divorce through my stories,” he told me. The split happened when Spielberg was about 15, but the marriage had begun to fade years before. The family dissolved, too. He went off to live with his father, Arnold, a computer engineer, in Los Angeles, while his three sisters remained in Phoenix with their mother, Leah, a classical pianist who used to operate a kosher deli. But it seems that living under the same roof didn’t significantly change how remote Arnold could feel to his son.

Over dinner one night, Spielberg told me about working on “Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade” [1989] with George Lucas [b. 1944; filmmaker and philanthropist]. The movie reunites Harrison Ford’s [b. 1942] Indiana with his father, a Holy Grail expert played by Sean Connery [1930-2020]. “My contribution was: ‘OK, but I want to meet Indy’s dad, and I want them to have had years of estrangement and father neglecting son because the father was a workaholic. And this story will bring them back together again.’” When Spielberg said this, he still sounded wishful and a touch sad. Watched through the lens of his childhood, his movies can seem newly forlorn, someone blowing on a birthday cake gated with stubborn candles.

For centuries, we’ve lived with a myth that genius — male genius — expresses itself as wild eccentricity or madness, that the personality warrants a cult or a harem. Spielberg disorients in that regard. I, at least, needed a moment to absorb how familiar he felt, how familial. The man who made “E.T.” was eerily reminiscent of the woman who took me to see “E.T.” Both of them have in common a special intuition to anticipate needs we don’t know we have. My mother did it for a household. For more than half a century, Spielberg has been doing the same for a planet.

Yet as a man, he maintains a small scale. He’s as modestly sized [he’s 5′ 7¾″] as his movies tend to be gargantuan. Maybe the movies wouldn’t work without this modesty. If he were any other way, you’d lose sight of the people. Their lives often start simply enough, in houses with, say, shag carpets and cluttered bedrooms. But then they are ripped from home and spend the movies on a quest to find it again, or to fight to keep it, recreate it, ensure it stays intact.

Spielberg hasn’t been to see a therapist since he was in college. Instead, the movies are the arena in which he has worked on some of the mysteries he couldn’t solve on his own. What we experience as sorcery is, for him, a process of exorcism. “I can’t express enough how therapeutic and healthy it is for me to keep doing this job over and over and over again,” he said deliberatively, almost as if he was feeling this out. “I work so much out through this process. So much out. I get to bleed off some of the darkness instead of letting it fester inside me. You get to let it fester inside you.”

It seems that his marriage has been therapeutic too — a chance, perhaps, to better grasp his father by being a husband. He has been with Kate Capshaw [b. 1953; m. Spielberg 1991] since they met making “Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom” [1984] more than 40 years ago; she played Indy’s chanteuse sidekick, Willie Scott. Capshaw told me that when she went in to read for the part, Spielberg sat across from her with a pair of aviators on, and she summoned the gumption to ask him to take them off.

“Oh, that’s so much better,” she remembered saying. “Now I can see you.” He was in his mid-30s. He’d already made “Jaws” and “Close Encounters,” “Raiders of the Lost Ark” and “E.T.,” and maybe he had been enjoying the performance of “Hollywood movie director,” the costume of it. Capshaw, who was in her late 20s, wanted to peel away the defenses. “All the jobs that are required in order to make a movie, he could do all of them, and he could do all of them almost better than anyone else,” she said. But when she came into his life, “It was like: Yes, you’re a director, but that’s what you do. I’m interested in who you are. Like, who’s the man?”

Spielberg tried to resist how he felt. “I like to be very professional on a movie,” he says. He was still involved with the actress Amy Irving [b. 1953], whom he eventually married [​m. 1985; div. 1989]. But Capshaw disarmed him. She asked to get a look at him, a professional look, and gradually, he made himself vulnerable to his feelings — for her. “Changed my whole life,” he said.

Capshaw, who is now in her 70s and seems part solar and part floral, talked about her husband with ardor. They raised seven kids together, often on location, with him on film sets and her directing at home. Yet somehow her love sounds as if she pulled it out of the dirt yesterday. Her appeals to her husband to remove the sunglasses, so to speak, continue. “Kate always sees where I don’t want to go,” Spielberg told me when we walked through Times Square. “And she doesn’t let. It. Go.” He wasn’t registering a complaint. It seemed like a source of healing, a conjugal deep-tissue massage. “The second I get quiet, she knows she hit a nerve. And I’m like: How do I get out of this? Somebody pull the fire alarm!”

But he’s open to being pushed. He’s the rare director who prefers his screenwriter present during shoots — a custom that David Koepp [b. 1963; screenwriter and director], who wrote the screenplay for “Disclosure Day” and whom Spielberg has been working with, off and on, since “Jurassic Park,” typically deems “painful.” The actors “sometimes think you’re there to be a word cop,” Koepp told me. It’s different with Spielberg. “Steven is eager to actively involve the writer in problem-solving, which makes the day much more interesting and makes one feel useful, rather than just an observer,” Koepp said.

Tony Kushner [b. 1956; author, playwright, and screenwriter] is another trusted collaborator and one of Spielberg’s beloved sounding boards, even though, as Kushner himself explained, he’s pushy and possibly more than that. “I’m a kvetch [Yiddish: whiner or complainer] and a worrier and unbelievably unpleasant,” he told me, and Spielberg “puts up with it.”

The Kushner collaboration is another of Spielberg’s committed marriages and maybe his toughest to fathom. Kushner is a vertiginously erudite, nervous, opinionated, gay, dyed-in-the-wool socialist. Spielberg frequently carries an unlit cigar with him and sits in a director’s chair printed with the word “Dad.” But the fruit of their partnership is cherries all the way across: “Munich” [2005] and “Lincoln” [2012], plus “West Side Story” and “The Fablemans” [2022]. Their partnership works because maybe it shouldn’t: the author of “Angels in America” and the man who brought us “Raiders of the Lost Ark,” a masterful avant-garde polemicist and perhaps our greatest Hollywood director. Somehow, their respective geniuses dovetail. But they have their moments.

[Kushner’s Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes is a 1991 two-part play. The two parts of the play, Millennium Approaches and Perestroika, are occasionally presented separately. The work won numerous awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1993), the Tony Award for Best Play (1993/94), and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play (1993/94). Part one of the play premiered in 1991, followed by part two in 1992. The full play premiered in 1992 at Center Theatre Group in Los Angeles. Later that same year it had its U.K. premiere at the National Theatre in London, while its Broadway opening was in 1993. In 2003, HBO adapted the play into a six-episode miniseries.]

“West Side Story” was a particularly grueling shoot, Kushner says. At some point, he was so upset about how much Spielberg’s idea for an ending was diverging from what was in the script that Kushner says he left the set. When he returned the next day, Spielberg was eager to share what he filmed in his absence: a mournful long shot in which the Jets carry Tony’s body away as a bereft Maria trails behind them and the police arrive to arrest Tony’s killer, Chino. The camera tracks upward, observing the entire event through the bars of the fire escape. “I was blown away by it,” Kushner said.

“The thing that really just floored me is that he scans up through the fire escape, which is the icon of ‘West Side Story’ romanticism. It’s the balcony scene. And he turns it into the bars of a prison.” Kushner was chagrined that he hadn’t thought of that. “I don’t think he even knew necessarily consciously what he was doing, but that’s the thrill of him. He’s guided by something really deep.”

I had caught Kushner in the grip of a Charles Dickens [1812-70; English writer and journalist; regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era] phase. In Dickens’s day, Kushner offered, there were reading clubs devoted to his writing in which literate people read to illiterate ones. Dickens was a hit with the working class; his novels are complex aesthetic achievements that nonetheless were accessible. “There’s no condescension,” Kushner says. “There’s no dumbing down.” Such is the case with Spielberg, too. “There’s a profound sense of human community in his work, and of profound belief that the world, although it’s not perfectible, is infinitely improvable if human beings recognize their interconnection with one another, and their shared apprehensions, and misapprehensions, and work on them collectively.”

As we were getting ready to head over to “Oh, Mary!” Spielberg told me a story about the time his mother’s brother, Bernard, took him and his cousin, Paul, to visit the Lincoln Memorial. It was 1952 or ’53. He would’ve been 6. The three of them climbed the steps. “Suddenly I was standing at the foot of a scary giant,” he recalled. “I remember glancing up and being so terrified I could only look at the hands.” He fixated on how they “were overhanging the armrests” and felt the urge to flee. But something held him back. “When I turned around, I looked up at his face. At this statue. Of Lincoln. A calm washed over me. An instant connection washed over me.” His fear ceased. What arrived in its place was unabated curiosity. He began to read all about Lincoln and started making silhouette cutouts of him, an obsession you can see re-enacted in the opening scene of “Minority Report” [2002], when a child makes a paper mask of Lincoln.

By all means, allow this memory to serve as an origin story for Spielberg’s movie, “Lincoln,” about the 16th president’s stewardship of the passage of the 13th Amendment officially abolishing slavery. But what if it’s the origin of everything else, too? Spielberg experiences fear — over a sort of monster at first, then a giant, then someone majestic — and wills it to become awe.

[The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed by the Senate on 8 April 1864, by the House of Representatives on 31 January 1865, and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on 6 December 1865, and proclaimed on 18 December 1865. (Lincoln was shot at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on 14 April 1865. He died just after 7 a.m. on the 15th. He’d seen the passage of the amendment by Congress, but not its final ratification or its proclamation.)]

Kushner’s husband, the critic and author Mark Harris [b. 1963], who has had a front-row seat to Kushner and Spielberg’s partnership since it began, said to me about Spielberg: “I believe he is a searcher. He won’t make a movie unless he knows why he wants to make it. And I think he also won’t make a movie unless he knows what scares him about that particular movie. I do think he likes being scared a little bit.”

Capshaw agrees. “Almost every movie, we wake up in the morning — we get up at the same time, whether it’s 5 a.m. or whatever,” she said, “and it’s like, OK, we’re off to work. And I’ll say, ‘How you feeling?’ And he’ll go, ‘Terrified.’ I go: ‘Excellent. A great day.’ Or he’ll say, ‘I don’t know what the hell I’m doing.’ I say, ’You couldn’t be in a better spot.’”

The search — all those flashed lights — is a wish to sublimate that creative fear into astonishment.

Would Spielberg’s awe explain the correspondent wonder that has been such a major visual signpost in his work for more than 50 years? When Jaws finally rises up from the ocean, is that mouth a rictus of astonishment? Look what I can do! Is that why we’ve given ourselves so many tattoos of that one shot, of the movie’s iconic poster — fear not being conquered, per se, but awe being eternalized? Anytime one of Spielberg’s many awe-struck characters takes their wonder to the skies, what should we have called that glance? I once called it heavenward, but what if, maybe, it’s truly just Lincolnville up there, an infinite expanse of liberation, rationality and eloquence? I considered the possibility that I’d gone overboard here, until I remembered who I’d been talking to.

When I said to Spielberg that Lincoln had become bigger than life to little Steven, his response almost leaped out of his chest. “Childhood is bigger than life!”

That feels as true as ever in “Disclosure Day.” Its two protagonists, a TV weathergirl (Emily Blunt [b. 1983]) and a cybersecurity expert who works for a government subcontractor (Josh O’Connor [b. 1990]), strangers to each other, experienced something profound as children that neither wants to face. Whatever it was that happened has put them on the same path, barreling toward the event of the movie’s title. Blunt discovers, suddenly, that she can quite literally speak other people’s languages — Chinese, Russian — and experience what they’re feeling, like, what’s in their hearts. He, meanwhile, has his own special power, an uncanny knack for numbers.

The two strangers might be Leah and Arnold Spielberg, the artistic feeler and the digital pioneer. But they’re also two parts of their son, the empathizer and the gadget nut. They’re both running from a Defense Department outfit called Wardex and toward a mysterious figure named Hugo (Colman Domingo [b. 1969]). Hugo knows about their childhoods, their gifts, and that they’re destined to play a major role in the fate of the universe. We see him call the shots from a kind of soundstage where a crew is, mysteriously, constructing some kind of elaborate set, where all will be revealed. He’s the visionary, the director.

Hugo’s vision entails the planet coming to a halt for the movie’s climax, an event that blows coverage of an impending nuclear war off the nation’s screens to show us heartbreaking footage of the aliens — essentially, a Spielberg movie. The whole world watches it at the same time. The film is a cry for a monoculture that’s pure Spielberg.

We still have reasons to look up in Hollywood. For more than a year, studios have been serving us original movies that we’ve turned into hits. As I write this, a handful of the top 10 movies at the box office are based on original screenplays — “Obsession” [2025], “Passenger” [2026], “I Love Boosters” [2026], Throw in a pop biography like “Michael” [2026] and a purposeful sequel like “The Devil Wears Prada 2” [2026], and it all feels like a healthy complement to the umpteenth “Star Wars” product squatting at No. 1 [Star Wars: The Mandalorian and Grogu (2026)]. The moment seems ripe for Spielberg to entreat us to show up for “Disclosure Day” and lead us back to ourselves.

For most of the film, Blunt’s character has no idea why or how she can reach into people and so profoundly relate to them. She’s a regular person but itinerant, avoidant. Now she has been called by a power she doesn’t even want to understand, a power to communicate with strangers to manipulate them for goodness’ sake, because they need to hear her short-order therapy. This gift is beyond her control, and she accepts this, that she’s an instrument for a higher purpose, to bring us together with a message of hope. She has a job to do. And despite the repressive forces trying to stop her, she does it.

[Wesley Morris is critic-at-large at the New York Times who writes about art and popular culture.  In addition to movies and television and maybe certain corners of the internet, that culture also includes sports and style and all kinds of performance (on stage, on screens, on court, in court). He’s also the host of the New York Times podcast Cannonball.

[Previously, Morris wrote for the Boston Globe, then Grantland.  He won the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Criticism for his work with the Globe and the 2021 Pulitzer Prize for Criticism for his New York Times coverage of race relations in the United States.   In 1997, he graduated from Yale University, where he’d been a film critic at the Yale Daily News for four years.]


30 March 2022

The Singing Voice of the Stars: Marni Nixon – Part 2

 

[Welcome back to Rick On Theater for the second part of my profile of Marni Nixon, Ghost Singer to the Stars.  As I wrote in the introduction to Part 1 of “The Singing Voice of the Stars,” Nixon was probably the best-known of all Hollywood’s off-camera singers, the artist who dubbed the singing for actors who can’t do their own. 

[Below, I pick up with Nixon’s biography and go on to report some of her activities in her professional life, including those she undertook when she wasn’t singing off-camera in big movie musicals.  You’ll see that she had a very active musical career in many formats, from stage musicals to recordings, from classical music to jazz and pop.

[I found reading about this remarkable artist fascinating, and I hope you have, too.  If you haven’t read the first installment of “The Singing Voice of the Stars,” I strongly recommend that you go back to 27 March and pick up Part 1 before you read Part 2 below.  In the first part of the post, I introduce many ideas that are revisited below, and they won’t make much sense without the initial introduction and definition.]

Marni Nixon was born Margaret Nixon McEathron in Altadena, California, in Los Angeles County on 22 February 1930.  (“Marni” was a childhood nickname formed from the initial syllables of her first and middle names.  She took the professional name Marni Nixon in 1947 because her childhood peers teased her by mispronouncing her last name as McEarthworm.) 

Nixon came from a musical family.  At 4, she played the violin and by 4½, she was playing in a children’s orchestra.  Her family made up an orchestra of its own, with her three sisters playing clarinet, violin, and cello, and her father, the trumpet.  She even thought of being a concert violinist and an actress—but singing won out in the end when she won $100 in a singing contest at the Los Angeles County Fair in Pomona.

She was a child actress in tiny roles in the backgrounds of Marx Brothers comedies and the Lum and Abner movies, a comic series of the 1940s starring the radio duo Chester Lauck and Norris Goff, in which she played the “brat parts—you know, huge freckles, knocked knees, and I could cross my eyes really well and scream in high C.”  In one of the latter, though unbilled, Nixon’s character had a name: Angelica Abernathy in The Bashful Bachelor (1942).

The talented little girl was also a soloist with the Roger Wagner Chorale (later the Los Angeles Master Chorale), a world-renowned choir with many illustrious members.  (One of her choirmates was Marilyn Horne, b. 1934, the popular opera mezzo-soprano, who became Nixon’s life-long friend and penned the foreword to her 2006 memoir.)

Nixon made her début appearance on film at the age of 11—three days before her 12th birthday—in the long-forgotten Born to Sing in the unbilled role of Girl at Auditions on 18 February 1942.

Nixon had an extensive classical music education, studying with a series of teachers at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, Stanford University, and the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood, Massachusetts.  Among her teachers were Carl Ebert, Jan Popper, Boris Goldovsky, and Sarah Caldwell.

As a teen, Nixon worked as a messenger for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio and frequently did bit parts when children were needed.  That’s how the studio became aware of her remarkable singing voice; Nixon had perfect pitch, a four-octave range, and an unmatched ability to sight-read.  The studio began to use her as a singer.

At 17, she undertook her first assignment as a ghost singer for the movies, replacing the voice of child star Margaret O’Brien in the MGM musical Big City, which opened in May 1948.  (Nixon also had an off-screen vocal part as an angel heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc, released by Sierra Pictures and RKO Radio Pictures that November.)  A year later, she again sang for O’Brien in the MGM drama The Secret Garden.  

She was asked to sing “Hindu Song of Love” in the movie, and MGM brought in a Hindu swami to teach her the words.  In the recording studio, armed only with “a mental image of O’Brien in other films in which I’d seen her . . . I became a ten-year-old girl singing a lullaby to her doll. . . .  I had no idea at the time that I was beginning a new career.”

In May 1950, the singer married screen composer Ernest Gold (1921-99), best known for his work on the film score for 1960’s Exodus.  The marriage lasted until 1969 and produced three children.  Their son, Andrew Gold (1951-2011), was an award-winning rock musician, producer, and composer (of the theme song for television’s The Golden Girls, “Thank You for Being a Friend”); daughter Martha Gold Carr (b. 1953) is a psychoanalyst; and Melani Gold Friedman (b. 1962) is a singer, songwriter, and massage therapist.  Nixon also had six grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

There were two other marriages following the divorce from Gold.  Nixon wed Dr. Lajos Frederick Fenster (b. 1931), a hepatologist (specialist in the diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas), in 1971.  The marriage ended in divorce in 1975 and she married Albert David Block (1925/26-2015), a jazz musician, in 1983, a marriage that lasted until his death in 2015.

In the same year she married Gold, Nixon dubbed the singing voice of second-billed Jeanne Crain in the Clifton Webb-Myrna Loy motion picture Cheaper by the Dozen that premiered on 31 March 1950.  Still anonymous to moviegoers, but known to the studios, Nixon was now a go-to ghost singer.

In 1951, Nixon voiced the singing flowers in the Disney animated film Alice in Wonderland—and this time, got screen credit for her work.

Although Marilyn Monroe did most of her own singing in the movie version of the Broadway musical Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, released in July 1953, Nixon took over the high notes, demonstrating an ability to blend carefully with the actress she was ghosting to create the effect of a single vocal performance.

Sometime during that same year, Nixon made what Variety deemed “may be the strangest film ever offered for theatrical release.”  Dementia was originally released in 1953 but withdrawn after the New York State Film Board banned it as “inhuman, indecent, and the quintessence of gruesomeness.”  

The horror-noir-expressionistic movie was re-released with cuts on 22 December 1955.  The film, which has no dialogue at all, just music and sound effects like slamming doors and dubbed laughter, follows a psychotic young woman’s nightmarish experiences through one skid-row night. 

Dementia’s score is by avant-garde composer George Antheil, who was strongly influenced by the Dada movement of the early 20th century (see my Rick On Theater post “Dada,” 20 February 2010).  There are no lyrics as such (it was a vocalise); the jazz-infused music, vocalized by Nixon, is “frightening” and provides “a weird effect,” said the Variety review.

In 1954, she appeared as a guest on the short-lived television series Opera Cameos, which ran on the DuMont Television Network (1942-56).  That same year, Nixon made her Broadway stage début in The Girl in Pink Tights, a musical comedy with music by Sigmund Romberg, lyrics by Leo Robin, and a book by Jerome Chodorov and Joseph Fields.  The play opened in March and ran for 115 performances, closing in June. 

According to Twentieth Century Fox studio logs, Nixon was called in to sing “If I Loved You” for Shirley Jones (b. 1934) in the movie version of Carousel, released in February 1956, although she professed later that she didn’t remember that gig, and Jones, unlike many of the actresses for whom she worked as a vocal stand-in, had an excellent singing voice.  (Aside from the film musicals Oklahoma!, 1955; Carousel; and The Music Man, 1962, Jones appeared in three Broadway musicals—not to forget the 1970s musical TV show The Partridge Family.)

There’s no doubt, however, about her next soundtrack appearance, in another Rodgers and Hammerstein adaptation, the June 1956 release The King and I.  Here she took over the singing part for Deborah Kerr.  The soundtrack album, released by Capitol Records, hit number one, remained on the charts for more than five years, and was certified as a gold record, reportedly selling over a million copies. 

Nixon, who received no credit on screen or on the album for her singing, was paid a flat fee of $420 for her six weeks of work (equivalent to about $4,400 today).  The New York Times film reviewer, Bosley Crowther, wrote in his notice that “the voice of Marni Nixon adds a thrilling lyricism to [Kerr’s] songs.”

Three years later, Nixon appeared on stage in San Bernardino, California, as Anna in The King and I wearing the same costumes that Kerr wore in the film.

In April 1957, Boy on a Dolphin was released, with a soundtrack album released by Decca Records.  Nixon stepped in for Sophia Loren (b. 1934) in her American debut.  The Cary Grant-Deborah Kerr romantic melodrama An Affair to Remember opened in July 1957, with a soundtrack album released by Columbia Records.  Nixon received credit on the album as “soprano soloist,” but no royalties.

Nixon made her first actual appearance onscreen as an adult in March 1960 in the chorus of the film version of Cole Porter’s Can-Can.  On 6 October 1961, the ghost singer had her hardest job.  She was hired to dub Ethel Waters for a TV show, the “Goodnight Sweet Blues” episode of Route 66.  Waters was supposed to sing an old, 1926 jazz number of hers, “I’m Coming Virginia,” but, on the verge of 65, she couldn’t sing it anymore.  The great rhythm-and-blues singer, recalled Nixon, “stood over me and told me what to do! 

(Just as there was an imbalance in Hollywood between the many female ghost singers and the fewer males, there was a decided de-racialization of African-American actors by having them dubbed by white singers.)

On 18 October 1961, her most prominent vocal stand-in part since The King and I was released; she dubbed the part of Maria for Natalie Wood in the movie adaptation of Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim’s West Side Story, a massive hit.  

The soundtrack album of WSS, released by Columbia Records, spent more than a year at number one, selling three million copies.  Nixon was so poorly paid for her contribution to the success of both the movie and the record that Leonard Bernstein, the musical’s composer, gave her a percentage of his own share of the soundtrack’s revenues (which were huge).  The great composer recognized that the film wouldn’t have done as well as it had without her singing.

A year later, in November 1962, she again ghosted for Natalie Wood in the screen version of Jule Styne and Sondheim’s Gypsy.  The soundtrack LP, released by Warner Bros. Records, was a Top Ten hit.  The same month, she began an association with Walt Disney, appearing on the album Great Operatic Composers and Their Stories, released on Disneyland Records.

In this period, the early 1960s, Nixon also appeared on regional stages in major musical roles such as Nellie Forbush in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s South Pacific opposite Howard Keel as Emile de Becque, and Rosabella in Frank Loesser’s The Most Happy Fella with Ned Romero as Tony.  (In that latter production, Nixon was pregnant with her daughter Melani, born in September 1962.)

In 1964, Nixon worked on several projects that unintentionally shadowed the work of stage star and emerging film star Julie Andrews.  (They shared, coincidentally, a rare personal trait: they both had perfect pitch.)  

Although Andrews had starred in the massively successful Broadway musical My Fair Lady starting in 1956, Warner Bros. studio felt she wasn’t a big enough star to carry the film version, and Audrey Hepburn was cast in the role of Eliza Doolittle instead.  Hepburn, however, couldn’t sing, and so Nixon dubbed her. 

Before the film was released in October 1964, Nixon made her Broadway debut in a limited-run revival of My Fair Lady mounted by the New York City Center Light Opera Company that ran from 20 May to 28 June.  Nixon played Andrews’s original role, the one she dubbed for Audrey Hepburn: Eliza Doolittle.

Nixon was a little unnerved, but Andrews helped Nixon resolve her unease about playing the part.  Later, when Nixon appeared in a small role in the film of Sound of Music, with Andrews playing Maria, the star sought her out on the set and, shaking Nixon’s hand, proclaimed, "I like your work."

That same spring, Disneyland Records released 10 Songs from Mary Poppins, an LP on which Nixon sang songs such as “A Spoonful of Sugar” and “Super-cali-fragil-istic-expi-ali-docious” with songwriter Richard M. Sherman and others, in advance of the upcoming film version of Mary Poppins, which, when it was released in September 1964, starred Andrews (who, of course, did her own singing onscreen).   Nixon voiced the singing geese in the film—unbilled, of course.

Also in May 1964, Nixon appeared on a Disneyland Records LP called The Story of Hansel and Gretel.  She followed in January 1965 with Famous Arias from Aida (And Other Operas).

Nixon’s Disney recordings didn’t garner a lot of attention, but My Fair Lady did.  The soundtrack album, released by Columbia Records, reached number four, stayed on the charts more than two years, and went gold.  

Interestingly, Nixon’s next movie effort found her actually sharing the screen with Julie Andrews.  In March 1965, Andrews starred in the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein’s The Sound of Music, which went on to become the highest-grossing movie released up to that time.  In a rare screen appearance, Nixon, cast in the small part of Sister Sophia, joined in the singing of the song “Maria.”

The Sound of Music marked the end of Nixon’s film career for the moment, but she continued to work in the popular music realm in other areas.  She vowed only to sing under her own name from then on.  “It got so I’d lent my voice to so many others that I felt it no longer belonged to me,” Nixon explained.  “It was eerie, I had lost part of myself.”  She added emphatically: “No, no more dubbing.”

On 26 February 1967, she sang and lent her speaking voice to an animated musical version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC-TV, a version of the fairy tale produced and directed by, and also featuring Gene Kelly (1912-96), with songs by James Van Heusen and Sammy Cahn.  Nixon sang for Princess Serena, who’s trapped in a harp by a magic spell.  Hanna-Barbera Records released a soundtrack album.

She also continued to work in the classical realm.  In 1976, she earned her first Grammy Award nomination for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, for her album 9 Early Songs: The Cabaret Songs of Arnold Schoenberg, released by RCA.  

Such albums were usually recorded from concerts in which Nixon performed as soloist with a renowned orchestra, including Bernstein’s New York Philharmonic.  (She was considered by many concert-goers to have been Bernstein’s favorite singer, and they worked together often.)  She sang from the works of many classical composers, but she specialized in the moderns: Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern, Charles Ives.

And she worked on stage.  In 1983 and ’84, she appeared along with Margaret Whiting and Cissy Houston in her Off-Broadway début, the musical Taking My Turn, which ran 345 performances and produced a cast album released by Broadway Ltd. Records.

In 1985, she recorded Marni Nixon Sings [George] Gershwin for Reference Recordings, accompanied by pianist Lincoln Mayorga.  Three years later, she followed with Marni Nixon Sings Classic [Jerome] Kern. In between, she was nominated for the 1987 Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, for her album [Aaron] Copland: 8 Poems of Emily Dickinson, also released by Reference Recordings.  

She appeared in several productions (including a 1992 Off-Broadway mounting at the Lamb’s Theatre in New York City) of the musical Opal, with book, music, and lyrics by Robert Lindsey-Nassif, and sang on the studio cast album recorded in 1996.  

She appeared in the 1997 film I Think I Do, a screwball comedy about a gay couple at a straight couple’s wedding, written and directed by Brian Sloan.  In 1998, she again lent her voice to a screen character, in this case to Grandmother Fa in the Disney animated feature Mulan.  

In 1997 and ’98, Nixon toured U.S. cities as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret and then she returned to the New York stage for the new millennium in James Joyce’s The Dead, first Off-Broadway in 1999 and then on Broadway the next year.  

In 2002, she stepped in as a replacement for the role of Heidi Schiller in a Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim’s Follies; the following year, she did the same thing as Guido’s Mother for a Broadway revival of Maury Yeston’s Nine.

Also in 2002, Nixon was in L.A. with Charlotte Rae and Jane Kean in John Kander and Fred Ebb’s 70, Girls, 70, and she repeated her performance as Heidi Schiller at the Barrington Stage in Sheffield, Massachusetts, in the summer of 2005, her 75th year. 

In March 2007, the former ghost singer appeared once again in a production of MFL.  This time, then 77, the singer was playing Mrs. Higgins, the mother of Professor Henry Higgins—the one featured character who has no song in the play!  The performance was a concert version by the New York Philharmonic at Lincoln Center.

“I’d love to be able to call up Alan Jay Lerner and Fritz Loewe and say, ‘Please, can you add something called ‘Mrs. Higgins’ Lament?’” joked Nixon, both men having died in the 1980s.  Kelsey Grammer played Henry Higgins in the production and Kelli O’Hara was Eliza Doolittle.

In June 2013, she spoke in Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, about her vocal work on West Side Story before the movie was screened while the score was played live by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra.

In addition to these credits, Nixon also worked periodically in opera, including productions of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro, Giuseppe Verdi’s La Traviata and Rigoletto, and Jacques Offenbach’s La Perichole, as well as such modern operas as Sir Peter Maxwell Davies’s Miss Donnithrone’s Maggot (which she recorded for the Musical Heritage Society) and Francis Poulenc’s La Voix Humaine.

She also appeared as a soloist with orchestras around the U.S. and abroad and toured with her one-woman show, Marni Nixon: The Voice of Hollywood (débuted in 1999).  (“I show some stills from the films I dubbed, tell some stories, sing a few things and answer questions about my life.”)  She also toured extensively with flamboyant pianist Liberace and comic pianist Victor Borge.

She taught at the California Institute of the Arts between 1969 and 1971 and at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara, California, starting in 1980.

She starred in her own children’s television series, Boomerang (1975-80), while living in Seattle, Washington (where she moved after her divorce from Ernest Gold), for which she won four local Emmy Awards for Best Actress.  The show was beloved in the Northwest (reaching homes in British Columbia and Alaska) and won 27 Emmys during its run of over 150 episodes.

In September 2006, Nixon published her autobiography, I Could Have Sung All Night: My Story (Billboard Books)—written with a ghost of her own, Stephen Cole (for whom she “made sure that she, who never got screen credit for her vocals, gave me co-author credit for her memoirs.  I was ‘the ghost’s ghost’”).

Marni Nixon died in Manhattan on 24 July 2016 at the age of 86.  The cause was breast cancer, which she had battled successfully twice before.

As I’ve reported throughout this look at Marni Nixon’s world of ghost singing, the off-camera vocalist got precious little compensation and no credit.  After the acknowledgment from Deborah Kerr in 1956 and, especially after the Time magazine report in 1964, the recognition status changed a little, but only by word of mouth and among the in-crowd—those in the know and those who wanted to be.

“It was a gradual kind of discovery (that I was doing the singing),” recalls Nixon.  

Deborah Kerr, herself, gave me some credit right away on “The King & I.”  By the time I was doing “West Side Story” a few years later, everyone was questioning that Natalie Wood could sing that well.   By the time I did “My Fair Lady,” I didn’t have to say anything.  You weren’t “in” if you didn’t know it was me.

“The anonymity didn’t bother me until I sang Natalie Wood’s songs in West Side Story,” Nixon told the New York Times in 1967.  “Then I saw how important my singing was to the picture.  I was giving my talent, and somebody else was taking the credit.  People were walking all over me.”

The film of West Side Story was released by the Mirisch Corporation in October 1961 and Columbia Masterworks put out the soundtrack album the same month.  Nixon feels that the artists who do dubbing deserve onscreen credit just like anyone else who helps create a product.  In February 1962, Nixon made a public plea for formal recognition of ghost singers on screen and on soundtrack albums of the movies in which they dispensed their talents and effort.

The New York Times reported her appeal in an article, datelined Hollywood, California, by Murray Schumach, which I’ll excerpt at length:

One of Hollywood’s “singing ghosts” has condemned the trick of concealing names of singers who, unseen, do the vocal chores for stars.

Marni Nixon several months ago [after a court case] won an important victory for her profession by gaining the right to royalties on the recording of the sound track of “West Side Story.”

. . . .

Her resentment is symptomatic of growing unrest among the small group of singing ghosts.

The increasing desire by ghosts for screen credit is the result of three developments in movies:

1.   Musicals, long in disfavor as poor box office, are enjoying a renaissance.

2.   Many dramatic films are using theme songs that are later recorded and sold.

3.   Screen credits are getting long, mentioning names of relatively minor technicians.

“Assistant hair dressers and third assistant directors are getting screen credit,” Miss Nixon said.  “Why shouldn’t they give screen credit to someone who does the singing for a star?  From here on in I intend to insist on screen credit when I sing.”

Movie producers have declined to give credit to ghosts because they claim that if the public knew that the star was not singing it might hurt the box-office appeal of the star and the picture.

. . . .

The singer pointed out she had no trouble getting credit when she sang with the New York Philharmonic, conducted by Leonard Bernstein, at Carnegie Hall for the American première of songs by Pierre Boulez.

Her name is printed on recordings of songs by [Heitor] Villa-Lobos, [Igor] Stravinsky and a [Johann Sebastian] Bach cantata.  Her records of nursery rhymes and of songs used in schools identify her.  Her name is also well-known to audiences who have heard her do leads in such shows as “South Pacific.”

That Miss Nixon has received no recognition in “West Side Story” is particularly irksome to her because the job was unusually difficult.

“First of all,” she said, “I was singing a Bernstein score.  You have to have a trained voice for that.  You can’t be just a pop singer.  Then, the whole job was done in a strange way.”

Nixon was fortunate to have had Deborah Kerr’s public acknowledgement of her collaboration on The King and I and her successful negotiations for either credit or royalties on later work on the soundtrack albums.  Once her name was known, she did scores of interviews with the press, on radio and television, and on stages; that ultimately led to her memoir.  This all made her an exception to the common circumstances of her ghostly colleagues.  In most cases, their names and contributions weren’t known until after their deaths.

Nixon never did get screen credit for the work on the movie itself.  That’s changed somewhat since she stopped doing ghost work.  In 2006, singer-songwriter-actor Drew Seeley dubbed Zac Efron’s songs in the first High School Musical.  This one is widely known since he was credited.

“The singing voice of the stars,” Marni Nixon, had a long and eventful career in film, opera, television, recordings, and the legitimate stage, even though movie- and theatergoers had grown more accustomed to her voice than to her face or, for most people, her name.  She dubbed about 50 movies, from a single line to entire roles.  No one in the business ghosted as many major roles or sang as many famous songs.

In addition to her Emmys for Boomerang, Nixon received a nomination for a Drama Desk Award for her Off-Broadway performance in Taking My Turn and two nominations for Grammy Awards.  Her albums of Songs from Mary Poppins and Mulan both went gold.

Nixon was an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women’s Music Fraternity.  On 27 October 2008, she was presented with the Singer Symposium’s Distinguished Artist Award in New York City.  In 2011, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Medal for Outstanding Contributions to American Music.

Nixon’s obituary in the New York Times reported that the former ghost singer to the stars had “became something of a cult figure, appearing as a guest on ‘To Tell the Truth’ [she fooled half the panel] and as an answer to clues featured by ‘Jeopardy!,’ Trivial Pursuit and at least one New York Times crossword puzzle.”  Now, that’s recognition!


27 March 2022

The Singing Voice of the Stars: Marni Nixon – Part 1

 

[I watched an old movie about two weeks ago.  I’d DVR’d it off cable some time ago to watch at my convenience, and its turn came up. 

[It was a movie whose title I knew, but had never seen—though I knew about it generally.  It was 1957’s An Affair to Remember with Cary Grant and Deborah Kerr, a well-known romantic weepy. 

[I’m not going to give a review or even a report on the movie.  My reason for bringing it up is that in the plot, Kerr’s character, Terry McKay, is a nightclub singer . . . but Kerr doesn’t sing.  So her songs are dubbed by an off-camera singer.

[That’s the point here.  The singer was Marni Nixon, possibly the best-known ghost singer—that’s what they’re called in the biz—in Hollywood. 

[As soon as I learned that fact, I knew I had to write a post about Nixon—of whom even I had heard, even though I didn’t know the name of any other ghost singer.  So that’s what I’ve done.  Here, in two parts—Nixon had a busy and full life (she died in 2016 at 86)—is my profile of Marni Nixon, Ghost Singer to the Stars.]

What do actresses Margaret O’Brien, Jeanne Crain, Marilyn Monroe, Ida Lupino, Deborah Kerr, Sophia Loren, Janet Leigh, Natalie Wood, and Audrey Hepburn all have in common—aside from the fact that they all are or were Hollywood movie stars?

At one time or another, in one movie or another, for one song, a whole score, or a few notes—their singing was dubbed by Marni Nixon (1930-2016), probably the greatest “ghost singer” whose name you may never have heard and whose face you may never have seen.

According to Wikipedia,

A ghost singer is a professional singer who dubs the singing parts officially credited, or billed, to another person, usually the star or co-star of a musical or film, especially those who are cast for dancing or acting skill or for celebrity rather than for singing talent.

Some journalists compare the situation with stunt performers hired to do the physical scenes for movie stars.  Except, as Nixon notes, the stunt people’s work have been getting screen credit for many years now.

The 1952 MGM movie Singin’ in the Rain (written by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, directed by Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly, produced by Roger Edens and Arthur Freed, starring Gene Kelly, Donald O’Connor, and Debbie Reynolds) tells a story of a novice actress (Reynolds) who voices the film performances of a veteran silent-film actress (Jean Hagen) who can’t talk, much less sing.

In the film—the behind-the-cameras story regarding who dubbed whom and why is a wonderful sidelight to this article—there are several scenes in which various methods of dubbing are shown.  (The technology employed in Singing’ is somewhat more primitive than that used in the 1950s and ’60s because the movie is set in the 1920s, when the new talking pictures were overtaking the silents.  The basic techniques depicted, however, were still used into the demise of dubbing in the ’70s and ’80s.)

In her IMDb bio, Gary Brumburgh quips that Nixon “has ensured herself a proper place in film history although most moviegoers would not recognize her if they passed her on the street.”  That’s a tad ironic, because Nixon bore a strong resemblance to Julie Andrews, with whose career Nixon’s was somewhat intertwined.

The 5'4" soprano became known as a singer’s singer from her work on several movie musicals of the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s in which she served as a ghost singer, as they are known, dubbing the singing voices of non-singing stars.  The millions of moviegoers who saw the films and the millions of record-buyers who listened to the soundtrack albums of such popular movies as The King and I (1956), West Side Story (1961), and My Fair Lady (1964) recognized her voice without having any idea to whom they were listening. 

“Marni is one of those unsung heroes (or should I say ‘much sung’ heroes),” added Brumburgh, “whose incredible talents were given short shrift at the time.”  That’s because the Hollywood studios in the middle of the 20th century habitually (and contractually) didn’t publicize the fact that famous actors weren’t singing their own songs on the soundtrack.

Screen credit for the ghost singer was a guaranteed impossibility (until the practice was changed with Nixon’s help).  The studios were so bent on maintaining the deception that even on the published sheet music and soundtrack albums of film musicals, the songs were credited to the actors who appeared on the screen rather than the ghost singers who actually sang the songs.

In her obituary, the New York Times reported that Nixon had told the ABC News late-night television program Nightline in 2007, “You always had to sign a contract that nothing would be revealed.”

Twentieth Century Fox, when I did “The King and I,” threatened me.  They said, if anybody ever knows that you did any part of the dubbing for Deborah Kerr, we’ll see to it that you don’t work in town again.

Nonetheless, within the entertainment business, Marni Nixon was known; the Times called her work “one of Hollywood’s worst-kept secrets.”  The beans were finally spilled worldwide in a 1964 Time magazine article, “Hollywood: Instant Voice,” in which Nixon was dubbed “the ghostess with the mostest.”  She became known to insiders and semi-insiders as “the singing voice of the stars.”  (I remember hearing her name in the ’60s when I was in college.)

It's common practice, by the way, for singers on film to dub their own singing voices.  They regularly record their songs, with full accompaniment, before shooting the musical scene, then perform the scene in front of the camera while lip-synching to their own recording.  Few actors actually voice songs on camera for practical reasons.

If you’ve ever scrutinized a singer’s face and, especially, his or her neck, closely while they’re vocalizing, you’re bound to see that it’s not really an attractive look.  The neck muscles are strained and the mouth and lower jaw are contorted; even the eyes, brows, and forehead are clenched in unappealing ways.  On camera, this is exaggerated, especially in close-ups, which are common in musical films.

All this is amplified when there’s dancing involved because not only the movements, but the exertions of dancing make delivering and recording the singing difficult, particularly in the days before wireless mics and directional pick-ups.  Emotional or stressful moments in the scene can also make singing hard.  Location-shooting, especially outdoors, when the acoustics of a soundstage isn’t available, is also problematic.

So movie singers almost always lip-synch to recordings, even when the performers do their own singing.  The methods, however, are technically the same for working with a ghost singer.  There are essentially three techniques of dubbing.  (24 Frames of Silver: A Cinema Blog for the Soul by Lee O. has a post, “A Voice to Match: Exploring the Re-mystifying Role of the Hollywood Ghost Singer,” that provides a detailed examination of the craft of film-dubbing and ghost-voicing and covers both history and methodology.)

“Playback” is by far the most common technique.  This is the method in which the ghost singer pre-records the number which is then played back on the set for the filming and the actor mimes the song to the recorded rendition.  This method is obviously only available when the director knows in advance that the actor on screen will be dubbed.  It requires the actor to match the vocalizing of the ghost in order to look convincing to an audience.

The second most frequently used technique is “dubbing.”  In this method, which can be used when the decision to use a ghost singer’s voice on the soundtrack is made after the director decides the actor’s pipes are inadequate for the task, the on-screen performer sings on camera (or lip-synchs to his or her own pre-recorded singing), and then the ghost singer re-records the song after the filming.  In this case, the ghost has to match the vocalizations of the actor on the screen the same way a foreign-language film is dubbed into English (or vice versa).

The final method is a hybrid technique in which the on-screen actor does the singing for the camera, either on the set or in a studio recording, and then a ghost singer is brought in to “sweeten” or enhance the soundtrack recording in places where the original performer was weak or otherwise inadequate, the way Nixon tweaked Monroe’s high notes in “Diamonds Are a Girl’s Best Friend” in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953).  This is called “doubling” and it can be quite tricky for the off-screen singer, who has to make two voices sound like one.

Doubling, Nixon has noted, can require very complicated, close work between the singer and the actor.  “I have to know dramatically what she wants to do, but she has to act in my voice,” she says.  The dubber wears headphones through which she hears the orchestra in one ear and the actress singing in the other so the ghost singer can pick up the actor’s vocalizations and carry it beyond her range.

In most films where ghost singing is employed, all three of these methods may be used—and frequently are.  Today, most movie musicals and films which feature even one or two songs, dubbing by an outside performer is no longer common—except perhaps “doubling.”  Nixon has said that dubbing some songs can take as long as six weeks.

(In this article, I’ll be talking mostly about female ghost singers.  To be sure, the majority of off-screen singers in Hollywood have been women, but by no means exclusively.  Arguably, the best-known male ghost singer was Bill Lee, 1916-80, who dubbed the voices of Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music and John Kerr as Lt. Cable in the movie version of South Pacific.  He also sang on the soundtracks of animated films like Peter Pan and Lady and the Tramp as a pirate and a dog.

(There were also Giorgio Tozzi singing for Rossano Brazzi in South Pacific; Bill Shirley, who sang “On the Street Where You Live” for Jeremy Brett in My Fair Lady; Tucker Smith, ghost voice for Russ Tamblyn in West Side Story; and Jimmy Bryant, most famous for dubbing Richard Beymer, also in WSS. 

(The main reasons that male actors are less often ghosted than female is a sort of prejudice.  Studios deem that the men, especially the older, more mature leading men, can get by on screen with talk-singing—think Rex Harrison and Robert Preston—jazzier and less formal singing styles—Fred Astaire, Gene Kelly—or weaker vocals.)

After the 1960s heyday of the big musical film had passed—by the 1970s, the popularity of the movie musical took a nosedive and fewer were made—there was little call of dubbing singers.  When the form experienced a revival in the ’90s and 2000s, a new trend obviated the call for ghost singers: authenticity. 

It was considered an artistic and marketing point for actors, even non-singers, to do their own vocalizing (as well as dancing and other specialty aspects of performance).  Actors wanted to show that they “could do it all.”  Of course, by now there’s pitch correction software like Auto-Tune and other computer manipulations to fix vocal shortcomings. 

By and large, the studios—who meanwhile had lost a lot of their clout in controlling what goes before the cameras—and moviegoers have gone along with this, but it hasn’t always helped in the critical response or at the box office.

The practice of dubbing was chiefly used for movie musicals, either original screen productions, such as 1953’s The Band Wagon directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring dancers Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse (whose singing was dubbed by India Adams, 1927-2020) or film versions of stage musicals, such as those for which Nixon became known.

While film musicals can be conceived, either in the writing or in the filming, to accommodate actors who aren’t really singers, stage musicals are frequently written with professional stage singers in mind—performers like Mary Martin or Alfred Drake, Julie Andrews or Theodore Bikel, or Bernadette Peters or Mandy Patinkin.  The scores often put demands on the actors which most cannot fulfill without singing talent and a well-trained vocal technique.

Oddly, however, ghost singers, as I noted, sometimes even sweetened the vocal work of singing actors like Rita Moreno (b. 1931), whom Nixon helped out on West Side Story in which Moreno famously played Anita.  Nixon dubbed Moreno’s singing in the “A Boy Like That” duet with Maria.

Nixon’s principal responsibility in West Side Story was to dub the singing voice of Natalie Wood, 1938-81, who played Maria, but juggling the soundtrack recording made it possible for Nixon to seem to sing a duet all by herself.

The circumstance here was the collision of an accident of timing and a vocal-range issue.  Moreno was a coloratura at the time of WSS, a soprano voice with a high range.  “A Boy Like That” has some low passages, especially the beginning, that Moreno couldn’t reach.  (Chita Rivera, the originator of the role on Broadway, had a lower range.) 

There was another ghost singer who’d been hired to cover the song, but she caught a cold just when the number was going to be recorded.  So Nixon was drafted to sing both parts.  “I . . . did a duet with myself,” Nixon explained.  “And nobody really knew.  I just changed the quality of my voice.  I tried to do one very dark and one very light.”

That was one of Nixon’s many special abilities that made her so desirable as a ghost: she could adjust her voice to mimic the speaking voice of the singers she dubbed.  Many ghost singers either couldn’t or just didn’t bother with this bit of acting, but Nixon did it habitually.

Nixon was remarkably versatile, so she was equally convincing as the English schoolteacher Anna Leonowens of The King and I, the Puerto Rican teenager Maria of West Side Story, and the Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle of My Fair Lady. 

In a 2004 interview, for example, Nixon explained that when she worked with Deborah Kerr (1921-2007) on The King and I, the film adaptation of the Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway hit, “I was brought in and had to follow along with her, getting her diction and acting style.”  Even after the threat 20th Century Fox delivered, Nixon asserted, “I just thought of it in terms of the challenge of really trying to make [my voice] sound exactly like Deborah Kerr.”  Nixon recalled that “each number took a week." 

When she worked with Audrey Hepburn (1929-93) in My Fair Lady, “I sat in on her singing lessons, so I could hear not only the Cockney and the upper-class British, which are two different voices,” Nixon recalled.  “But I also had to get her very unique speech patterns, so I had to listen very carefully so I could catch it.”

Nixon’s technique, which she makes sound simple and straightforward, appears to be more thoughtful and conscientious than the common practice.  She explained the “whole secret of dubbing,” based on her gig singing for Margaret O’Brien (b. 1937): “You extend the actress's speaking voice.  You imagine how the actress would sing if she could sing and be sure to take from her what she wants to do dramatically.”

(An anecdote related by ghost singer Annette Warren, b. 1922, who dubbed Ava Gardner’s voice on  “Can’t Help Lovin’ That Man” from the 1951 MGM musical Show Boat, reveals that when she sang for Lucille Ball in the films Lured, 1947; Sorrowful Jones, 1949; and Fancy Pants, 1950, Warren’s trained voice didn’t “match the huskiness of Lucy’s speaking voice.”  Nonetheless, says Warren, she didn’t try to make her singing style resemble the voice of the actresses she ghosted.)

In an unusual circumstance for a ghost singer, Nixon even dubbed some of Natalie Wood’s spoken lines in WSS as well.  In Nixon’s account, at the end of a taping session, when the cast and crew had gotten a little giddy from fatigue, Wood bobbled some lines that came after the end of a song.  The ghost singer was brought in to redub them.

As far as I know, WSS was the only time Nixon covered two actors in the same film.  Among other things, it shows how flexible she was, how reliable, and how resourceful.  All without ever becoming famous outside the business.

Nixon did dub the same actor in two different movies three times, however.  The first time was dubbing the singing voice of child actor Margaret O’Brien in Big City (1948) and again in The Secret Garden (1949) when Nixon was 17-18 (and O’Brien was 10-11).  

In 1962, after ghosting for Natalie Wood’s Maria in WSS in the year before, Nixon also sang Wood’s high notes in Gypsy.  (Wood played Louise, better known as Gypsy Rose Lee, the title character.)

After she dubbed Kerr’s Anna in The King and I, Nixon dubbed her again in 1957’s romantic tearjerker An Affair to Remember.  That second film isn’t a musical, but Kerr’s character, Terry McKay, is a successful nightclub singer and sings several numbers on camera—including one in French: “Our Love Affair”/”Ce bel amour.”  (Nixon said she dubbed An Affair to Remember in five different languages.)

It was Kerr who first outed Nixon’s alter-ego as a ghost singer.  An Academy Award nominee for Best Actress in The King and I, Kerr praised Nixon’s work with her on the film in an interview with London’s Daily Mirror in 1956.  This, of course, was the star of the very film for which Nixon was contractually sworn to secrecy regarding her participation.  Nixon’s efforts were also specified in Bosley Crowther’s review of the film in the New York Times.

Nixon’s association with Kerr on The King and I was symbiotic.  Their relationship was professional and co-operative as Nixon mirrored the actress’s movements to create the perfect film illusion.  The ghost singer told the Washington Post that at the same time, Kerr “wanted to also look like she was really singing and wanted to be using the same muscles and the same stretches you do in expressions.”

On NPR’s Weekend Edition Sunday, freelance arts reporter Jeff Lunden relates that Nixon recalls,

Whenever there was a song to be sung in a scene, I would get up and stand next to her and watch her while she sang.  And she would watch me, while I sang.  After we recorded that song, she would have to go to the filming of it and mouth to that performance.

In a Variety article in which Stephen Cole, Nixon’s co-author on her memoir, describes his work with the ghost singer, whom Cole dubs “the consummate collaborator,” he explains “how Kerr and Nixon trade lines that are spoken and lines that are sung to meld into one fabulous performance.”  He declares that the result was “one voice made by two artist.”

This cordiality wasn’t always the case, however.  Nixon and Audrey Hepburn also worked together harmoniously on My Fair Lady, but her work with Natalie Wood on WSS was fraught.

“In the case of Audrey Hepburn,” recalled Nixon to WaPo, “she was very smart and could say, ‘I know this is not good enough, I want to keep trying myself,’ but she had to accept that it wasn’t quite what it should be.”  In the end, Nixon provided all Hepburn’s singing for MFL.

Hepburn, who’d been training and practicing all during the prep time for filming, was very disheartened when she was told her singing just wasn’t good enough.  She walked off the set in disappointment.

The actress had put herself under a great deal of pressure because she was very aware whom she was replacing in the role.  Julie Andrews (b. 1935) had originated the part of Eliza Doolittle on Broadway, becoming an international star from the performance.  She also had a perfect singing voice. 

Hepburn’s casting for the film over Andrews (who would later take over the film role of Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music from Broadway superstar Mary Martin, 1913-90), was controversial to say the least.  Her trepidation over the responsibility was recorded by André Previn, who arranged the film adaptation of Frederick Loewe’s stage score (for which Previn won an Oscar) and directed the orchestra, in Barry Paris’s Audrey Hepburn (1996).

But Hepburn returned the next day and apologized for her “wicked” behavior.  Recalled Nixon, “That was her idea of being very wicked.”  Hepburn remained helpful despite her disappointment; she gave Nixon rides to the studio in her limo and helped her master the Cockney accent in which Eliza spoke—and sang.  Nixon and Hepburn became collaborators instead of competitors.

The situation on the WSS set was different, though.  “I don’t think that Natalie Wood’s ego could take that.” Nixon felt.  “Frankly, I think they [i.e., the studio] used to create that kind of attitude too much—allowing them to have the illusion when they knew all along that she wasn’t good enough.”  Wood thought Nixon was brought in to fill in the occasional high notes, as the ghost singer had done for Marilyn Monroe (1926-62).

According to Nixon, Wood’s singing was out of synch with the orchestra.  This was a difficulty for Nixon because if she sang precisely with the orchestra, her words wouldn’t match Wood’s lip movements.  “I had to compromise as best I could,” the singer said.

Nixon said that Wood didn’t know how much of her singing would be done by her ghost singer.  “She didn’t know that [her work] would all be thrown out and that it would be all my voice at that point,” affirmed Nixon.  The studio had kept Wood in the dark for fear she’d pull out of the production, even letting her rehearse with the full orchestra and lip-synch her songs to her own recordings so she wouldn’t tumble to the truth.  Nixon felt the studio was lying to Wood and it made her “very uneasy” to participate in the deception.

[This is the end of Part 1 of “The Singing Voice of the Stars.”  Please come back on Wednesday, 30 March, for the rest of my profile of Marni Nixon.  I’ll start with her bio and go on to discuss more about her work and professional life.]