Showing posts with label J. K. Rowling. Show all posts
Showing posts with label J. K. Rowling. Show all posts

17 June 2024

Harry Potter at Hoboken High School

 

[On the local evening newscast, News 4 New York at 11, of 14 May 2024 on WNBC, Channel 4 in New York City, I watched an account by reporter Checkey Beckford of the selection of Hoboken High School to be the first in the United States to present the high school version of the current Broadway hit Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.  

[What I heard in the report interested me enough to do a little more checking.  Below is the result of my reading, and I think you’ll also find the story engaging.

[As most readers of Rick On Theater will know, I’m an avid supporter of arts in our schools, both as an activity and as an academic subject.  (I have taught both middle and high school theater, as well as college and even a few guest appearances in elementary classes.  I’ve also directed middle and high school productions and served as advisor to a high school theater group.)

[Past posts on ROT concerning theater and arts in schools (some of which cross over into another frequent topic I blog on: the censorship of artistic expression/the First Amendment and the arts) include “Degrading the Arts,” posted on 13 August 2009; “The Relation of Theater to Other Disciplines,” 21 July 2011; “Arts & Music Education,” 21 March 2014; “Arts in Schools,” 18 November 2015; “Musical Theater Programs for Kids,” 18 May 2018; “Music Theater Programs for Kids,” 5 February 2023; “Censorship on School Stages,” 30 July 2023; and “‘The Courage to Produce: A Conversation on High School Censorship,’” 21 April 2024.]

In November 2023, Broadway Licensing Global, the New York City-based rights-holder for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, the current stage hit on Broadway and London’s West End, announced that the high school edition of the play is available for licensing (License Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (licensecursedchild.com)).  BLG held a contest, dubbed Wands at the Ready, to select the first schools in the United States to present the play. 

Entrants were asked to describe why their school or community is the most “magical” place to produce the début of the play in a U.S. state or territory.  High schools participating in the competition “should think of ‘magical’ as demonstrating how their school or drama program shows a passion for commitment to the arts, student inclusion and diversity,” the Broadway Licensing website suggested, “and ways they plan to promote the production within their communities.”

The competition ran until December 2023 and the performances would be staged between 15 October and 10 November 2024.  In February 2024, BLG announced that 29 schools from across the country had been selected to stage Cursed Child.  The locales stretched from Connecticut and Florida to California and Alaska—even a school in Puerto Rico gained the right to present the play. 

There was a school in New York, one in Pennsylvania, and one in Delaware . . . but none in New Jersey.  So how did Hoboken High School in Hudson County get the honor of being the first U.S. school to perform the play?  Well, the answer turns out to be quite simple. 

Hoboken High, along with one other secondary school in the United Kingdom, was chosen for a developmental pilot run of the new version of the play outside the Wands at the Ready competition.  Broadway Licensing went through a month of extensive searching and assessing of the applications of numerous schools to select Hoboken High School in the North Jersey region of the state (directly across the Hudson River from Manhattan), and Riverside School in Barking, a town in East London (Barking Riverside is a development within Barking).  

Riverside School, a state school, which is much like our public schools in that it’s tax-supported, presented its production of the play last 20-23 March.  Both schools selected are public or state institutions because BLG wanted to see that the script can be realized under a budget that isn’t supplemented by private endowments or subsidies. 

(The Wands at the Ready competition was open to all schools in the United States and its territories, including charter, private, and arts schools.  After the competition and the productions of the 29 chosen schools this fall, licenses will be available or all amateur productions.  Interested groups should check the BLG website to keep abreast of releases and updates regarding licensing

(The 29 schools from the Wands at the Ready competition still got to call their production “the first,” explained BLG and Sonia Friedman and Colin Callender, the professional play’s producers, irrespective of the pilot productions preceding them.  It was sort of like the Artist’s Proof of a print or lithograph not being counted in the official numbered run of the artwork—or, more appropriate, perhaps, the preview performances of a Broadway show that aren’t counted in the official length of the production’s run.)

Sometime in May 2023, Danielle Miller, the Fine and Performing Arts Supervisor for middle and high school on the Hoboken Board of Education, received an e-mail from BLG asking if the school was interested in being the U.S. pilot for the trial.  Evidently, she said yes.

The Hoboken Public School District has a very active theater program.  The district has three full-time, certified theater teachers and, says Miller in the WNBC news report, every student from kindergarten to 12th grade “gets a theater education.”

The district puts on an annual District Musical—this year, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, which is characterized as a “play with music” but isn’t a musical, was performed instead of the musical—and all students in the district, from ages 5 to 18, are eligible to participate.  High schoolers play the adult characters (such as Harry, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, Draco Malfoy, and other characters from the seven novels) and middle schoolers the other leads (Harry’s and Draco’s sons, and Ron’s daughters, for instance); creating the props and sets are the jobs of 6th to 12th graders.  

It was this diversity, equity, and inclusion that attracted BLG to Hoboken High as a potential pilot for Cursed Child.  Sean Cercone, founder and CEO of BLG, said that Hoboken was chosen for the North American pilot because “It’s the most diverse, loving, creative community we could have found, and it was right in our own backyard.”  The Hoboken community, including local businesses and residents, “really embraces the arts,” said Cercone.

As Miller is avid to point out, “Many of the most involved students, many who do the best in their classes, are all involved in theater.  It just teaches students to feel comfortable with who they are, to discover more things about themselves . . . .”  I’m not sure how much this means to the corporate rights-holders, but it’s a major point in my arguments for keeping the arts, including theater, in the schools.

The pilot productions were essential to ensure that each participating school could effectively convey the magic of the show within their budgetary and technical constraints.  Developed by the work’s original creative team, the school edition includes solutions that make the professional production’s high-tech wizardry possible regardless of a school’s budget size.

The pilot program was intended to set a high standard to reveal lessons for future productions in analogous circumstances.  Cercone said that “it was critical to us that we identify schools with facilities and resources most similar to the greatest number of schools worldwide.”  He continued, “These pilot productions are a learning process for us, to ensure that any school, regardless of its resources or budget, can produce this show with success.” 

Before I get to the High School Edition and Hoboken High’s production, let me run down the facts of the original play.

Harry Potter and the Cursed Child was written by playwright Jack Thorne (Let The Right One In, St. Ann’s Warehouse, Brooklyn, 2015; Christmas Carol, Broadway, 2019; King Kong musical, Broadway, 2020; also films and streaming) from an original story he wrote with J. K. Rowling and John Tiffany (who also directed the stage adaptation; Off-Broadway: Once, 2011; Broadway: Once, 2012; Macbeth, 2013; Glass Menagerie, 2013).  

The story’s set 19 years after the events of the 2007 novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the seventh and last in Rowling‘s series about the young wizard.  (It’s essentially a sequel, since Deathly Hallows ends with an epilogue that’s set 19 years after the events of the episode showing Harry dropping his sons Albus and James off at the train for Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.)  According to CNET, a computer website that’s affiliated with CBS International, the play “is officially the eighth story” in the Potter series.

The play follows Albus Potter and his friendship with Scorpius Malfoy, the son of Harry’s rival, Draco, in their first year at Hogwarts.  This friendship sparks a new journey for the older generation of the novels and their progeny—with the power to change the past and future forever.  There are spells, a race through time, and an epic battle to stop mysterious forces, all while the future of the Wizarding World hangs in the balance.

The world première production (which is still running) opened at the Palace Theatre in London’s West End on 30 July 2016.  It received 11 nominations for Laurence Olivier Awards in 2017 and won a record-breaking nine, including for Best New Play.  The Broadway production opened at the Lyric Theatre on 22 April 2018 and received 10 Tony Award nominations that year and won six, including Best Play.

The play was originally presented in two parts which theatergoers could attend in the afternoon and evening of the same day, or over two evenings.   After the pandemic shut-down, the Broadway production was restaged as a single, 3½-hour show in November 2021. 

In 2022, productions in San Francisco (December 2019-September 2022), Melbourne (February 2019-July 2023), Toronto (June 2022-July 2023), and Tokyo (in Japanese; July 2022-Present) also adopted the one-part format, and the German-language version in Hamburg (December 2021-Present) followed in 2023.  The West End production alone continues to play the original two-part version.

(Three upcoming productions have also been announced: Chicago, September 2024-February 2025; Los Angeles, February-June 2025; and Washington, D.C., July 2025-TBA.)

For the one-part version of Cursed Child, over 1½ hours of content was cut.  Also, while it’s not explicitly stated, Albus Potter and Scorpius Malfoy definitely exhibit romantic interest in each other, and other character relationships have been altered.  These changes have been incorporated in the two-part version of the play as well.

The high school edition of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child was announced in September 2023.  According to the Broadway Licensing website:

Harry Potter and the Cursed Child High School Edition is a special adaptation of the beloved worldwide hit.  Tailored for high school and secondary school theatre productions, it provides young actors the opportunity to play Harry, Hermione [Granger], Ron [Weasley], and all of their favorite characters on their very own stage and bring the wizarding world to life for their communities.  Your students will be empowered to conjure the magic through their own creativity, making it a truly exciting and engaging experience for students and audiences alike.

The Rowling Library, which isn’t affiliated with the Harry Potter author or any individual or company that’s engaged in the publishing or producing of the Potter books or films, asserts that “the high school version of the production has been condensed compared to its professional counterparts and incorporates innovative special effects adaptable to any school environment, irrespective of its lighting, sound, or stage infrastructure.”

I specifically went in search of some comment from BGL or the play’s producers regarding the school version’s adult or potentially controversial content, particularly the suggestion that Albus Potter and Scorpius Malfoy might be headed for a romantic relationship.  (It’s the subject of much Internet chatter, and the production’s been accused of “queerbaiting,” a marketing ploy in which creators hint at same-sex romance or other LGBTQ+ themes to entice an LGBTQ-friendly audience without explicitly depicting them.)

It was my experience, when choosing and staging middle and high school plays, that one of the first questions the principals and, most often, vice-principals asked in order to approve my selection was, ‘Is there any sex in it?’  Alongside religion, even the suggestion of sexual content was the topic that most likely would set off some parents.  The schools in which I worked were generally pretty liberal culturally, so I can’t but assume that the same concern would obtain in all the schools on BLG’s list.

I’d have expected there to have been some statement of assurance regarding controversial material in the script, but there was very little, and most of what I found was suggestive without being definitive and clear.  For instance, the Broadway Licensing site states that the school edition of the play is “tailored for high school theatre productions” without specifying what that addresses. 

The character description for Albus says that he “forms a close friendship with Scorpius Malfoy,” but leaves the implication ambiguous.  (There’s no parallel statement about Albus in Scorpius’s character profile.)

The high school version requires 16 men, 14 women, and 4 actors who may be any gender.  The play runs from 1½ to 2 hours (in contrast to the 3½ hours of the Broadway production.)  The script is adjusted for the standard stage lighting and sound capacities of typical public school theaters and auditoriums.  A perusal copy of the script is available for $20 from the license-holder (check their website, above).

(Broadway Licensing clearly states on its site that there are no restrictions on casting, including cross-gender casting: “Any student of any gender identity, race, etc. can play any role so long as the roles stay as written.”  See the FAQ’s on the webpage indicated above.)

Once Hoboken High was chosen, as revealed at a special event on 7 September 2023, Miller and her colleague, Jessica Fasolino, the Board of Ed’s Fine and Performing Arts Supervisor for kindergarten through 5th grade, sent out a district-wide announcement of the production schedule and procedures.

There was an audition registration period on the school’s website that ran until 17 November 2023, then the auditions themselves took place, grouped by grade, from 11 to 15 December.  There was even a “Mock Audition Fundraiser” on 9 December “to help prepare your child for the audition process.”  It sounded to me like a theater-games session for any student interested in trying out but who’d never participated before.

Miller reported that 300 to 350 Hoboken District students from kindergarteners to high school seniors auditioned for the play.  Of these, she assembled a cast of over 100 for the production.  This is apparently not uncommon for Hoboken’s inclusive program, and I gather it works for them.

(I’ve never had a cast that large, though I have swelled the companies for my middle school shows, as I imagine many secondary school theater teachers/directors do, but never more than 15% of that number.  My main question for Miller is: where do you put them all back stage?  I’ve never even seen a school theater, even where I did my MFA, whose back-stage area was exceptionally huge.)

Rehearsals started on 16 January 2024, with the final dress on Monday, 13 May.  At that session, Miller had arranged a surprise for the company that I’m sure was an immense thrill: the Broadway cast paid them an unannounced visit!  Following the rehearsal, reported BLG, the pros celebrated on stage with the students, giving high fives and sharing in the excitement.

(One of the benefits BLG and the professional show’s producers touted for selecting Riverside School in London and Hoboken High School in northern New Jersey for the pilot outings of the new adaptation of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child was that both schools were in proximity to two important professional productions.  One might suspect they meant that this gave the young cast and potential audiences the opportunity to see the West End and Broadway mountings—but the surprise attendance by the Broadway actors might have been a lagniappe they, like the student actors and crew, hadn’t considered.)

At the same dress rehearsal, Miller invited faculty and theater students from other New Jersey school districts to provide “a platform for sharing experiences and fostering a sense of community among theatre educators and students alike.”  At the end, the guests, who in other circumstances—sports or academic competitions—might be rivals, the visitors’ Gryffindor to Hoboken’s Ravenclaw, stood and cheered their peers.

After a day off on Tuesday, the 14th, the second-ever production of the High School Edition of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, the first in the U.S., opened at Hoboken High School on Wednesday, 15 May 2024.  It ran through Sunday, 19 May.  The Hoboken pilot showcase, like its U.K. predecessor, was sold out for all five performances.  In Hoboken, most of the seats were sold by Thursday.

Danielle Miller was the director of the Hoboken High staging of Cursed Child, but she teamed with theater teacher and stage director at the high school, Derek Kinnear, who served as technical director of the production.  Kinnear was responsible for, among other things, the magic and wizardly effects of Hoboken’s Cursed Child.

“Our challenge,” explains Miller, “was to innovate within the constraints of a well-known universe.”  Broadway Licensing repeatedly states that as long as the text is spoken the way it’s written (unless permission to make changes is obtained in writing), schools are allowed, even encouraged, to make adjustments in other aspects of the script, including casting, movement, or effects.  “We had to reimagine sets, costumes, props, and even the choreography of movements in a way that was fresh yet familiar,” Miller added.

The pilot shows were meant to establish the standards for schools around the world that will perform it afterwards.  Miller acknowledged that she and her team were “keenly aware of their responsibility not only to meet the standards associated with the franchise but also to showcase the potential of public school theater programs.”

Kinnear, the TD, observed, “We knew we didn’t want to try to copy the effects done on Broadway.”  So the tech team created “unique magical moments that were feasible within their budget,” and they added “little but precise effects” intended to engage the spectators without exceeding the school’s finances or taxing the team’s capabilities.

For example, Hoboken High’s Cursed Child put student actors into harnesses for flying and produced digital scenic projections.  From the photos I saw online, these effects looked as good and as convincing as any I’ve seen in Broadway and top-line rep company productions. 

“Our goal was to create a sense of wonder that was uniquely ours, without trying to replicate the high-budget effects of Broadway,” the tech director explained.  Kinnear and his techies apparently pulled it off.  Whatever his budget was, it seemed well spent. 

I was hoping that there’d be some kind of report of the performance, from audience members or a local journalist who followed up on all the pre-performance coverage of this singular occurrence.  I kept checking the ’Net after the 15th, but there wasn’t anything to speak of.  The only “after-action” record I found was on one blog, David Barrineau.

The eponymous blogger describes himself as “a Creative Director/Art Director for over two decades.  Most of my career has focused on Arts and Culture advertising, especially Theatre.”  He has a BFA in theater from New York University, and one of his advertising clients was Harry Potter and the Cursed Child—the Broadway production, I presume.  Barrineau, who doesn’t seem to have any connection to the school, BLG, or the New York production, posted this reaction of opening night at the Hoboken High show:

Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Student Edition Premieres

May 15, 2024

The first student production of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child premiered at Hoboken High School and it’s ADORABLE!  And the talented cast is so enthusiastic and charming.  The Broadway production is so technically stunning, I couldn’t imagine how they would be able to scale it down for student productions, but — wow!  There was so much creativity that went into the staging.  They even had a student fly on a broom across the stage, which the Broadway production doesn’t even do — maybe they should add it?

On the day after the London production of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child premièred, the published text of the play was released.  (Note that the release date, 31 July 2016, corresponds to the birthdays of Harry Potter author, J. K. Rowling—her 51st—and Harry, himself—his 36th.)  This is the script of the play, not a novelization, which has not been created.

There are two versions of the published script, released by Arthur A. Levine Books (an imprint of Scholastic Corporation, the U.S. publisher of the Potter novels).  The authorship credits are the same as for the play, itself: written by Jack Thorne from a story by Rowling, John Tiffany, and Thorne.  The first version is now labeled “Special Rehearsal Edition” and is the text of the play’s previews and early performances, and, like them, is in two parts.

A “Definitive Collector’s Edition” was published on 26 July 2017, and incorporated changes that were made in the text.  This edition is closer to the final version of the script as currently performed on stage.

(Note that these publications are the adult versions of the play text.  As of now, there is no commercially available published text of the high school edition.  Perusal copies, which are not complete acting editions—no stage directions, for example—are available for prospective licensees from BGL, and full acting editions will be available to licensees once the contracts have been signed.)

Just as no novel adaptation of the play is being contemplated, there is no film version of Cursed Child in the works at this time.

Rumors of a film adaptation began to circulate almost as soon as the play opened in London.  Warner Bros., the studio that produced all the Harry Potter films (and the related works that followed) has expressed interest in making a Cursed Child movie, especially if they can get the original actors who played the now-adult characters in the eight original films to reprise those roles now as adults—but so far Rowling, who must sign off on any adaptation of her work, has said no.

“[T]o set the record straight once and for all,” says Rowling: “Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a stage play, it was conceived and written as a stage play, it was always intended to be a stage play and nothing else, and there are absolutely no plans for it to become a movie, a novel, a puppet show, a cartoon, a comic book series or Cursed Child on Ice.”

Of course, Rowling has said no on previous occasions . . . and later changed her mind.  As Fats Waller often said: “One never knows, do one?”


13 May 2015

Philip Pullman’s 'His Dark Materials'

by Kirk Woodward

[Frequent ROT contributor Kirk Woodward returns now with a slightly different piece of writing.  In “Philip Pullman’s His Dark Materials,” he gives us a critical analysis of the fantasy series of his title, comparing it for illustrative purposes with J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter books, with which His Dark Materials shares some aspects.  Kirk’s not only a writer himself, but he was an English major in college and reads across the spectrum extensively, so he has a well-formed basis to make observations.  He’s also what he calls a “committed Christian,” so Pullman’s well-known opposition to organized religion and distrust of the Church—the writer’s said in an interview that he was raised in the Anglican Church and is as Christian as they come . . . except that he doesn’t believe in God—would be a natural subject for Kirk to examine.  I can assure ROTters that “Philip Pullman” will be worth the read and may well spark a few discussions.  (Don’t hesitate to comment, Readers.  Both Kirk and I will be interested to hear what you all find to say in response.)]

J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter books, is the Beatles of literature, and Philip Pullman, author of the fantasy series His Dark Materials, is her Rolling Stones. The comparison is apt in many ways. Rowling’s sales far exceed Pullman’s, and everyone else’s, but he has strong popularity. His work, like that of the Stones, is on the darker side. Supporters of each use the strengths of their champions to bash the other. And both Rowling and Pullman maintain good relations with each other, as did the Beatles and the Stones. Rowling has spoken with enthusiasm about Pullman’s work. Pullman is more reserved about Rowling – he says he’s only read the second (and weakest) Harry Potter book (Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets; Arthur A. Levine/Scholastic, 1998 – U.K./1999 – U.S.), and that only because he had to, as a judge for an annual book contest, but he has also spoken positively of Rowling.

His Dark Materials (Northern Lights, published in the U.S. as The Golden Compass, Scholastic, 1995; The Subtle Knife, 1997; and The Amber Spyglass, 2000) is the kind of fantasy a former schoolteacher like Pullman might be expected to write. It’s not only a work in three volumes, but it contains a number of “books” within those volumes. There’s a “book” on ecology and the environment, terribly appropriate for these times, involving the changes in climate and their effect on animals (the polar bears). There’s a “book” on scientific procedures, centering on Dr. Mary Malone, formerly a nun, now a physicist; this is the least exciting material in the series, but it is full of respect for the patient work that researchers do. There’s a “book” on the nature of animals that has value for anyone who thinks about the subject, because Pullman makes it clear that animals have their own ways of being conscious. There’s a “book” on string theory. And so on.

There’s also a book on religion. Obviously this is the most controversial part of the series, since Pullman has stated a number of times that he is an atheist, and his dislike of organized religion is both well known and evident. I have a problem with Pullman on this aspect of his series, but not because of his attack on religion.  I don’t think that it goes remotely far enough. A writer in the New York Times Book Review called his position “closely reasoned.” The reader may judge from the following:

All the history of human life has been a struggle between wisdom and stupidity. The rebel angels, the followers of wisdom, have always tried to open minds; the Authority and his churches have always tried to keep them closed.

I used to be a nun you see. I thought physics could be done to the glory of God, till I saw there wasn't any God at all and that physics was more interesting anyway. The Christian religion is a very powerful and convincing mistake, that's all.

These passages do not strike me as “closely reasoned.” They are essentially insults, although I suspect that many “religious” people would without hesitation agree that organized religion has been responsible for much slaughter, torturing, and mental dictatorship. Institutions have a way of defending themselves, and religion is no exception. The Church has often behaved the way Pullman says it does, perhaps without so much melodramatic twirling of moustaches, but nevertheless indefensibly.

And a “religious” person would not necessarily object to Pullman’s presentation of the Authority (the name in the books for the Church, or possibly for the Roman Catholic Church); as someone said to me, “It’s nothing like the God I believe in.” I suspect this may be why the former Archbishop of Canterbury recommended the books, suggesting that they might be useful in religious education classes. Undoubtedly the Archbishop has firsthand knowledge of the weaknesses of organized religion, especially the fanatical kind. (Pullman’s denunciation of religion appears to deal specifically with Christians; one wonders whether he would include the Jews, the Buddhists, and the Muslims in his indictment.)

But if religion is so bad, what’s the alternative? I’m afraid that the only principle I can find in the books, besides the idea that the church is bad, is that very young teens should be allowed to have unprotected sex with each other. I can imagine screams from Pullman’s defenders objecting that he never says that his young characters Lyra Belacqua, a twelve-year-old girl fated to bring about a massive correction to the world she lives in, and Will Parry, whom Lyra encounters along the course of her adventures, have sex, and Pullman has said the same thing. Literally he is correct: he doesn’t explicitly say the two characters have been sexually active. But I doubt that few readers would take these passages any other way:

I heard, . . . I was awake and I wanted to tell you the same and now I know what I must have felt all the time: I love you, Will, I love you –

The word love set his nerves ablaze. All his body thrilled with it, and he answered her in the same words, kissing her hot face over and over again, drinking in with adoration the scent of her body and her warm, honey-fragrant hair and her sweet, moist mouth that tasted of the little red fruit.

Around them there was nothing but silence, as if all the world were holding its breath.

. . . .

They looked dazed, as if some happy accident had robbed them of their wits; they moved slowly; their eyes were not focused on what they looked at.

They spent all day on the wide hills, and in the heat of the afternoon, they visited their gold-and-silver grove. They talked, they bathed, they ate, they kissed, they lay in a trance of happiness murmuring words whose sound was as confused as their sense, and they felt they were melting with love.

. . . .

He felt her tremble, and then under his hands the delicate bones of her back began to rise and fall, and he heard her sob quietly. He stroked her warm hair, her tender shoulders, and then he kissed her face again and again, and presently she gave a deep, shuddering sigh and fell still.

Now calm down, everyone. . . . This is the language of the bodice-rippers. At a minimum, Pullman has given himself “plausible deniability.” If he is merely suggesting that teenagers should be free to hug and kiss, well, the church has never had much luck preventing that. And the encounter of the two tweens is presented in the books as a world-transforming event, one toward which all history has been moving. It’s hard to imagine that a night of mere snuggling could accomplish so great a goal, or that the church would seriously bother to oppose it.

The truth is that as a writer Pullman tends to pull his punches.  He wants to have things both ways; for example, he doesn’t want to say that the kids in his story make love, but he certainly wants us to feel not only that they do, but that they ought to, as a liberated and liberating activity.  Even in his presentation of death, he is able to give those who would like to believe in immortality the feeling that in some sense such a thing just might exist. To quote:

I’ll be looking for you, Will, every moment, every single moment. And when we do find each other again, we’ll cling together so tight that nothing and no one’ll ever tear us apart. Every atom of me and every atom of you. . . . We’ll live in birds and flowers and dragonflies and pine trees and in clouds and in those little specks of light you see floating in sunbeams. . . . And when they use our atoms to make new lives, they won’t just be able to take one, they’ll have to take two, one of you and one of me, we’ll be joined so tight. . . .

At one level Pullman in his writing will compromise to keep his readers happy. What he really feels in private, of course, is unknowable.

Frequently fantasy (as opposed to imagination) visualizes a world without God, a fact that in my opinion – my own biases show here – can explain why fantasy books such as Pullman’s, and other creations such as electronic fantasy games, tend to be so consistently gloomy. Pullman’s materials are indeed dark. Why not? One would think that if we could invent a world without that repressive old God telling us what to do, we’d be a great deal happier. The reverse appears to me to be true: without a God to provide lasting consequences for behavior, there are no consequences, so anything goes (cf. Game of Thrones/A Song of Ice and Fire). Much fantasy conceives of the “natural” world as a world of deterministic forces, in which nothing lasts. As a result, it seems to me, contemporary fantasy is frequently morose and full of foreboding. (This is not the case with the Potter books, which clearly point to the survival in another world of those who have died, for example, Harry’s parents. Similarly, the fantasies of the Star Wars films offer The Force, another indicator of a reality greater than the everyday.)

We may now ask whether Pullman’s or J. K. Rowling’s books are “better.” This is clearly an apples-and-oranges question. However, some things can be said. Open a book by Pullman and one by Rowling at random, and the differences immediately become clear. The two are working two different sides of the street. Rowling is by far the more contemporary and “realistic” writer, and her specialty is dialogue, which is consistent with and characteristic of the characters it reveals. Her school kids sound like real school kids talking.

Pullman’s specialty is epic and the well-turned narrative phrase. His dialogue slips in and out of credibility along with his characterizations – his heroine, Lyra, in particular is often simply unbelievable for her age. But as a prose stylist he is magnificent, and his Homeric similes are particularly impressive. The kind of writing Pullman does is the kind more likely to win critical praise and prizes, since anyone can see that it’s Literature, but that is not the last word in a value judgment.

In the matter of plotting, it seems to me that Rowling is simply superior to Pullman. He invents and piles on incidents with determination, throwing in everything he can think of, but an accumulation of detail is no cure for a story that is not particularly dynamic. The plot of His Dark Materials tends to rely on the search for certain objects, thrust into the story at arbitrary times. The Potter books, interestingly, also involve the search for objects, but those searches are required by the overall narrative, while other objects could be substituted for the Golden Compass or the Subtle Knife, both of which exist to make the plot possible, not to embody it.

One may compare Pullman’s plotting to the forward thrust of the Harry Potter stories on all levels, from subplot to book to series. The enthusiasm to see what happens in the next Potter book comes from the fact that there is a “next” that is required by the story, and not simply more incidents to come. The war against heaven and Lyra’s coming of age are not sufficiently differentiated from other events to be more than hooks to hang a story on. The result is that the reader can simply be worn out by the accumulation of incident from time to time – at least this reader was.

Similarly, there is no question in what way Lord Voldemort, in the Potter books, is evil. Pullman doesn’t make much of an effort to distinguish between the forces of the Church and the forces of (in Pullman’s terms) good, except to tell us that the Church and its minions are evil and repressive and the people fighting it are on the side of the good. Where this distinction of good and evil comes from, if there is no God, is hard for me to see, but are there no other differences between the Church and its opponents, besides the banner each is fighting under? The differences between the sides are largely matters of weaponry – Zeppelins, gyrocopters, so what? Lord Asriel, the leader of the rebellion against the Church, is as unattractive a figure as Metatron, the archangel fighting to maintain the Church’s supremacy – both are remote and ruthless. Is there really a reason to pick sides?

We often talk about “good writing” as though it were one kind of thing that can be identified in anyone’s work. Clearly this is not the case. We need to ask what the writer is trying to achieve, and whether or not the writer achieves it. Accurate answers to these questions will bring us closer to a fair evaluation of the author’s work. In his recent book, The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ (Canongate Books, 2012), having engaged in a great deal of public dispute on matters of religion, Pullman may present his case more clearly. It seems to me, in the cases discussed here, however, that Rowling is able to achieve her objectives, and Pullman is not. If His Dark Materials really is a stick to beat religion with, one wishes it were a better stick.